Yuan's filigree works range from a bouquet of flowers (top) to a clock (above). CHINA DAILY

Yuan considers filigree inlay an art of metal and fire.

Apart from the core techniques, the process involves more than 10 meticulous steps, including wire drawing, soldering, and stacking, each requiring careful precision.

"Take wire drawing, for example. One gram of gold can be drawn into a wire 2 kilometers long," he says.

Those thin wires require extraordinary soldering skill, since strands as fine as human hair must be joined seamlessly to create the intricate patterns.

A slight miscalculation in flame control can undo hours of work by melting or breaking the wire.

"All the welding must be invisible to the eye — achieved purely through handwork and experience," Yuan emphasizes.

For years, Yuan has taught at the Beijing Arts and Crafts Technician College, helping to train versatile artisans capable of mastering the full range of filigree inlay skills. His mission is clear: to ensure this extraordinary craft is never lost, and to raise a new generation of masters to carry it forward.

Huo Kaijie, Yuan's apprentice, still remembers the greatest challenge he faced at the beginning. He wasn't just mastering the intricate techniques, but learning to make cold metal breathe with life.

"I remember my hands shaking during my first soldering attempt," he recalls.

Yuan patiently guided him through each movement, transforming mechanical processes into muscle memory through countless repetitions.

"He taught me that craftsmanship isn't about rigid perfection, but developing a dialogue with the material," Huo says.

Now a teacher himself, Huo emphasizes this wisdom to skeptical students who question the relevance of handwork in the age of 3D printing.

"I show them state gifts crafted by hand so they can feel the difference," he explains, adding "Machines can replicate precision, but never the human touch".

In recent years, the art form has made a strong comeback.

Filigree inlay craftsmanship is gaining popularity in the premium market for its exquisite artistry and cultural depth, with growing sales in custom wedding jewelry and collectible art pieces, Huo observes.

He suggests that more cultural creative products with lower prices be developed to further tap market potential.

Yuan attributes the growing popularity of his trade to innovation — not merely replicating ancient forms, but pushing the boundaries of traditional craftsmanship while embracing contemporary aesthetics.

Although the celestial maiden remains unfinished, its intricate details are already taking shape, each aimed at achieving a lifelike effect.

This pursuit of realism reminds Yuan of a state gift he once crafted: a fruit bowl that appeared to hold a delicate silk scarf, yet was made entirely of metal.

"One official even tried to lift the scarf, thinking it was real," Yuan recalls with a smile.

"That's the kind of illusion we strive for — capturing the texture of silk in metal."

Contact the writer at yangfeiyue@chinadaily.com.cn