国产av不卡一区二区_欧美xxxx做受欧美_成年人看的毛片_亚洲第一天堂在线观看_亚洲午夜精品久久久中文影院av_8x8ⅹ国产精品一区二区二区_久久精品国产sm调教网站演员_亚洲av综合色区无码一二三区_成人免费激情视频_国产九九九视频

chinadaily.com.cn
left corner left corner
China Daily Website

Toward more effective regulation

Updated: 2012-09-07 08:07
By Qian Jiwei ( China Daily)

Toward more effective regulation

A total of 76 people have been killed in three accidents since Aug 13, according to State Administration of Work Safety reports.

In one of the worst accidents in recent years, 45 people were killed in a coal mine explosion outside Panzhihua city in Sichuan province on Aug 29. Thirty-six people traveling in a double-decker coach were killed when their vehicle collided with a tanker and caught fire on a highway in Shaanxi province on Aug 26. On the same day, three people were killed and five injured in Harbin, Heilongjiang province, when the ramp of a less-than-a-year-old bridge built at a cost of $300 million crashed on the pavement below. And in early August, seven cave-ins were reported from Harbin in just nine days in which two people were killed and two injured.

The accidents were caused either because of the use of substandard products to build infrastructure or because of violation of safety norms. It is to prevent such accidents that government regulatory agencies have to take measures in advance. To protect the life and property of users and consumers, regulators have to instruct enterprises engaged in construction projects to take all safety precautions and improve the quality of their products and services.

Government regulations are useful for several reasons. First, litigation can result in the punishment of an enterprise only after the damage is done and its neglect established in a court of law. In contrast, a regulator can pull up errant enterprises before any damage is done and make them pay for not fulfilling the precautionary requirements. This implies regulation is a much cheaper way of preventing accidents.

Second, a regulator may have a strong incentive to monitor enterprises' behavior if he/she is rewarded for identifying any violations.

Third, a regulatory agency will have greater professional knowledge if it usually specializes in one sector. Therefore, such regulatory agencies, with deeper professional knowledge and a strong incentive, can better protect consumers' life and property because they can detect violations of rules before an accident occurs .

Following this rationale, during its transition from centrally planned to market economy, China has gradually formed a number of regulatory agencies, including the State Food and Drug Administration; General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine; and the State Administration of Work Safety. Officials of these regulatory agencies, along with those of local governments, are usually given incentives to enforce the regulations.

It is well known that work safety has become one of the "one-item veto" areas for government officials' evolution. Once there is a problem in this area, local chief executive officials can be punished regardless of their performances in other policy areas. The decreasing number of accidents in China shows that incentives for officials do matter. The number of accident casualties last year was about 75,000, compared with 79,000 in 2010 and more than 100,000 in 2007. The number of accidents has also fallen - from more than 500,000 in 2007 to about 347,000 in 2011.

But though some officials have the incentive of enforcing regulation in a developing country like China, they can still be less effective than their counterparts in developed countries. Limited regulatory capacity and limited accountability in developing countries are among the major reasons why regulatory efforts are ineffective. For one, regulatory agencies in developing countries are usually short of resources, especially lack of trained professionals, to fulfill their duties. Besides, regulatory agencies in developing countries are also less likely to be held accountable for their action (or lack of it) and, therefore, make less effort than necessary.

Limited regulatory capacity and limited accountability both can be seen in the recent accidents in China. For example, the major reason why the double-decker coach and the tanker collided in Shaanxi is that both drivers violated the operational requirements (such as working more than the stipulated hours for drivers). In other words, the regulator failed to enforce the rules in advance, perhaps because of lack of professional knowledge.

Regulators can avoid such accidents if they fully realize the importance of operational requirements for safety.

Ineffective regulatory efforts can also be the result of lack of accountability. It has been reported that the main reason for the cave-ins in Harbin was displacement of underground pipelines after heavy rain.

Since a number of government agencies, including civil defense, sewerage, environmental protection, electricity and telecommunication departments, are responsible for different aspects of the underground infrastructure, it is very difficult for a regulator to coordinate with them and take swift decisions.

More importantly, the regulatory fragmentation makes it almost impossible to hold one government agency accountable for the safety of underground infrastructure. Besides, no single regulatory agency has the incentive to become accountable in such a complex situation.

Lack of regulatory capacity and accountability leads to unsatisfactory regulatory performance. Regulation can be made more effective in two steps. First, the government should spend more resources to train officials in regulatory agencies. Since regulatory efforts made in advance are more rewarding, training programs should especially focus on imparting professional knowledge to regulatory agencies' employees to enable them to identify lapses and neglects by enterprises, infrastructure operators and service providers in advance.

And second, the accountability issue can be addressed only if one regulatory agency in one sector is made accountable. Also, in more complex situations, the government should try offering regulators greater incentives to match the difficulties of coordinating across different regulatory agencies.

The author is a research associate at the East Asian Institute, National University of Singapore.

 
 
...
...
...
未满十八勿进黄网站一区不卡| 欧美系列一区二区| 亚洲四区在线观看| 久久久久亚洲蜜桃| av日韩在线网站| 国产99一区视频免费| 蜜桃av一区二区在线观看| 鲁大师成人一区二区三区| 一区二区91| 亚洲日韩视频| 亚洲伦理精品| 亚洲免费大片| 国产欧美在线| 亚洲欧美日韩在线观看a三区| 日韩午夜在线电影| 日韩视频一区| 国产欧美一级| 久久夜色精品| 久久久久久久高潮| 天堂一区二区在线| 日本欧美在线看| 日本aⅴ亚洲精品中文乱码| 久久久青草婷婷精品综合日韩| 亚洲欧美春色| 日本视频一区二区三区| 麻豆国产精品官网| 韩国av一区二区三区四区| 精品在线你懂的| 国产一区二区不卡在线| 国产一区二区福利视频| 成人一区二区三区中文字幕| 不卡的av电影在线观看| 91丝袜美腿高跟国产极品老师 | www日韩欧美| 久久综合久久八八| 久久久久久久电影一区| 91精品国产电影| 久久综合香蕉| 精品国产二区三区| 香蕉视频在线观看www| 很黄很色的网站| 自拍偷拍精选| 在线观看视频色潮| 成人免费一区二区三区视频网站| 秋霞影院午夜丰满少妇在线视频| 国产视频在线播放| 中文字幕在线直播| 日日夜夜精品| 女同另类激情重口| 日韩.com| 中国女人久久久| 精品影视av免费| 99免费精品视频| 国产精品伦理在线| 欧美日韩国产页| 777a∨成人精品桃花网| 亚洲成人三级在线| 视频在线观看一区二区| 97福利一区二区| 国产精品免费麻豆入口| 天天看天天色| 亚洲精品一区视频| 国产成人高清精品| 欧美aaa视频| 北条麻妃在线一区二区免费播放 | 亚洲精品一区二区三区影院| 一区二区三区视频免费在线观看| 欧美激情a在线| 欧美啪啪精品| av电影免费看| 色av男人的天堂免费在线| 黄色动漫在线| 午夜欧美巨大性欧美巨大| 高清精品视频| 五月天综合网站| 日韩精品免费视频人成| 99在线精品观看| 一区二区三区资源| 欧美乱熟臀69xxxxxx| 亚洲免费视频一区二区| 欧美极品少妇xxxxⅹ免费视频| 欧美最猛黑人xxxx黑人猛交3p| 春意影院普通入口| 欧洲一区av| 一区二区乱码| 美女一区二区在线观看| 欧美日本不卡高清| 国内精品视频666| 亚洲国产高清在线观看视频| 日本韩国欧美一区| 亚洲免费视频网站| 国产91ⅴ在线精品免费观看| 黄色激情网址| 亚洲s色大片在线观看| 青春草视频在线观看| 欧美日韩黄色| 亚洲女同中文字幕| 国产原创一区二区| 1024国产精品| 欧美精品三级日韩久久| 最近免费中文字幕视频2019| 亚洲午夜久久久久中文字幕| 99视频高清| 日本高清视频在线观看| 亚洲国产伊人| 小处雏高清一区二区三区| 久久99精品国产.久久久久久| 日本一区二区三区在线观看| 在线视频欧美精品| 亚洲系列中文字幕| 亚洲永久免费网站| 黄色成人av| 污片在线免费观看| 久久亚州av| 国产精品视频| 国产婷婷色一区二区三区在线| 色综合天天综合网天天看片| 亚洲人成在线观看| 欧美成人se01短视频在线看| 超碰在线94| 香蕉伊大人中文在线观看| 日韩在线麻豆| 日韩成人av影视| 成人欧美一区二区三区1314| 日韩欧美亚洲国产另类| 欧美猛男性生活免费| 爱爱网站免费| 麻豆传媒视频在线观看免费| 久久天堂久久| 亚洲三级网站| 欧美极品aⅴ影院| 欧美一区二区三区在线观看| 欧美大荫蒂xxx| 天天射狠狠干| 国产精品国精产品一二| 久久不见久久见中文字幕免费| 蜜臀va亚洲va欧美va天堂| 亚洲免费电影在线| 日韩二区三区在线| 久久精品视频在线观看榴莲视频| 日本一级在线观看| 在线免费成人| 另类国产ts人妖高潮视频| 最新国产の精品合集bt伙计| 日韩精品在线看片z| 欧美亚洲国产成人精品| 神马午夜dy888| 欧美色网一区| 你懂的国产精品| 国产日韩欧美一区二区三区综合| 欧美日本一区二区三区| 久久久最新网址| 原千岁中文字幕| 欧美精品资源| 亚洲激情婷婷| 亚洲日本va在线观看| 日韩成人xxxx| 影音先锋5566资源站| 久cao在线| 国产99久久| 成人免费视频国产在线观看| 欧美影视一区在线| 97精品在线观看| 在线观看导航| 日韩三级av高清片| 蜜桃精品视频在线观看| 欧美日韩亚洲网| 九九九热精品免费视频观看网站| 啦啦啦在线视频免费观看高清中文 | 日本欧美久久久久免费播放网| 夜夜亚洲天天久久| 最近中文字幕日韩精品 | 视频一区在线观看| 99这里都是精品| 日韩欧美精品在线视频| 另类专区欧美| 高潮毛片在线观看| 色无极亚洲影院| 久久久久国产一区二区三区四区 | 亚洲欧美中文字幕| av影音在线| 综合在线影院| 欧美亚洲专区| 欧美日韩国产页| 69久久夜色精品国产69乱青草| 视频二区在线| 三级精品视频| 99热精品一区二区| 亚洲激情免费观看| 变态黄色小视频网站| 亚洲成人看片| 久久精品30| 狠狠久久五月精品中文字幕| 国模精品视频一区二区三区| 日韩av成人| 在线日韩网站| 久久久久国产精品人| 亚洲欧美在线一区| 国产aa视频| 嫩呦国产一区二区三区av| 美女视频网站久久| 欧美日韩精品免费| 国产男女av| 51精品在线| 国产欧美一区二区三区国产幕精品| 五月天网站亚洲| 91国产高清在线| 日本三级在线视频| 亚洲影视一区| 亚洲成人在线免费| 66m—66摸成人免费视频| 中文日本在线观看| 亚洲澳门在线| 一区二区免费视频| 国内精品400部情侣激情| av中文字幕在线| 欧美好骚综合网| 一区二区三区成人在线视频| 韩剧1988免费观看全集| 免费在线看黄网站| 综合久久十次| 精品国产91久久久| 台湾佬成人中文网222vvv| 性国产高清在线观看| 亚洲精一区二区三区| 91国偷自产一区二区三区观看 | 欧美日韩黑人| 1000精品久久久久久久久| 欧美成人精品在线观看| 国产精品一区二区婷婷| 国产国产精品| 精品福利在线视频| 欧美成人高清手机在线视频| 樱花草涩涩www在线播放| 蜜桃精品视频在线观看| 精品国产3级a| 好吊的妞视频这里都有| 欧美激情99| 国产精品美女久久福利网站| 色综合天天狠天天透天天伊人 | 日本午夜一区二区| 欧美一级理论片| 成年人在线免费| 精品视频在线一区| 久久亚洲一区二区三区四区| 色小说视频一区| 香蕉影院在线| 一区二区电影在线观看| 欧美午夜激情视频| www.国产自拍| 9.1麻豆精品| wwwwww.欧美系列| 久久精品国产精品亚洲| av网在线观看| 99成人免费视频| 欧美精选在线播放| 加勒比日本影视| 久久91麻豆精品一区| 亚洲精品成人精品456| 中文字幕欧美日韩久久| 日韩精品99| 99精品在线观看视频| 久久精品成人动漫| 免费黄色电影在线观看| 久久激情婷婷| 日韩av在线看| 三级av在线播放| 狠狠爱成人网| 欧美一区二视频| 国产字幕中文| 天天久久综合| 在线观看中文字幕不卡| 6080午夜| 久久超碰99| 精品久久久久久久久久ntr影视| 国产黄色麻豆视频| 精品国产亚洲一区二区三区大结局| 久久精品视频免费| 2019最新中文字幕| 日本综合视频| 国产日韩欧美激情| 久久久一区二区三区不卡| 无人区在线高清完整免费版 一区二| 成人小视频免费观看| 久久久久99精品久久久久| 最新av在线播放| 国产一区二区三区在线观看精品 | 久久免费的精品国产v∧| 97婷婷大伊香蕉精品视频| 日本乱码一区二区三区不卡| 成人av资源在线观看| 欧美黑人国产人伦爽爽爽| 一个人看的www视频在线免费观看| 9l国产精品久久久久麻豆| 性欧美长视频免费观看不卡| 成人美女视频| 久久久久国产精品麻豆| 羞羞漫画网18久久app| 精品国产亚洲一区二区在线观看 | 日韩精品卡一| 国产成人综合在线观看| 欧美大奶子在线| 超碰在线99| 91污片在线观看| 男人的天堂va在线| 一级欧美视频| 亚洲人成网站精品片在线观看| 国产精品视频h| 亚洲精品aaaaa| 色综合久久久久久久| 国产免费网址| 午夜激情一区| 精品粉嫩aⅴ一区二区三区四区| 国产精品一二三区视频| 麻豆国产欧美日韩综合精品二区| 久久色免费在线视频| 一本大道色婷婷在线| 国产欧美一区二区精品性色超碰| 欧美性猛交xx乱大交| 福利在线一区| 在线观看亚洲专区| 国产91久久久久蜜臀青青天草二| 99在线观看免费视频精品观看| 国产视频亚洲视频| 影音先锋在线视频| av亚洲精华国产精华精| 激情中文字幕| 国偷自产av一区二区三区| 欧美性感美女h网站在线观看免费| 成人亚洲一区二区三区| 亚洲激情一区| 中文字幕日本精品| 春色校园综合激情亚洲| 国产精品美女www爽爽爽| 91九色91蝌蚪| 日韩极品一区| 欧美精品一区二区三区蜜臀| 在线观看a视频| 成人免费高清在线观看| 偷窥自拍欧美色图| 亚洲影院天堂中文av色| 欧美日韩情趣电影| 国产福利电影在线| 国产白丝网站精品污在线入口| 亚洲另类图片另类电影| 综合激情久久| 欧美日韩一区国产| 九一在线视频| 国产成人99久久亚洲综合精品| 91国产一区在线| 超碰97久久国产精品牛牛| 欧美羞羞免费网站| 国产中文字幕在线视频| 国产麻豆成人精品| 一本久久精品| 精品国产一区二区三区小蝌蚪| 日韩精品一区二区三区四区| 国产精品扒开做爽爽爽的视频| 久久综合色婷婷| 深夜福利小视频| 中文字幕一区二区三区乱码图片| 亚洲片在线资源| 免费电影日韩网站| 亚洲国产综合91精品麻豆| 99re6热在线精品视频播放| 免费看黄色91| 中文天堂网在线www| 色愁久久久久久| 精品国产1区二区| 欧产日产国产精品视频| 亚洲精品视频观看| 超碰在线电影| 国产精品中文字幕欧美| 欧美最猛性xxxx免费| 色综合五月天| 亚洲最新中文字幕| 久久精品国产精品亚洲毛片| 一本色道亚洲精品aⅴ| 男女网站在线观看| 成人亚洲一区二区一| 国产精品免费视频一区一| 午夜久久影院| 久久久精品亚洲| 视频欧美一区| 91精品婷婷国产综合久久竹菊| 在线黄色网页| 18欧美亚洲精品| 天海翼一区二区三区四区在线观看 | www.精选视频.com| 葵司免费一区二区三区四区五区| 性欧美视频videos6一9| 国产精品一区二区三区av麻| 日韩成人xxxx| 欧美爱爱视频| 欧美日韩一区二区三区四区| 综合久久2019| 伊人夜夜躁av伊人久久| 日韩成人黄色| 国产拍欧美日韩视频二区| 久草福利资源在线视频|