国产av不卡一区二区_欧美xxxx做受欧美_成年人看的毛片_亚洲第一天堂在线观看_亚洲午夜精品久久久中文影院av_8x8ⅹ国产精品一区二区二区_久久精品国产sm调教网站演员_亚洲av综合色区无码一二三区_成人免费激情视频_国产九九九视频

Make me your Homepage
left corner left corner
China Daily Website

Step by step in historic change

Updated: 2013-11-08 09:20
By Li Yang ( China Daily)

Step by step in historic change

China's high-speed train service. The next round of development will feature more infrastructure. Provided to China Daily



China Daily business reporter Li Yang examines key concepts in the reform in past 35 years

In China, it seems like everyone's always talking about reform. Over the past 35 years, Chinese have been doing more than talking. They've been making reforms all the time, even as they debated and aspired to new reforms to come.

You'll hear the word a lot more in the coming week. The nation's leaders will meet from Nov 9 to 12 to draw up a comprehensive plan for the next stage of reform, when they convene for the Third Plenum of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. The Party's third plenums have a history as sources of reform.

How much reform has China carried out? The following are what the Chinese call "theoretical breakthroughs," or the changes to inspire more reforms to come.

1978 - In the beginning

This was "the mother of all changes". The Third Plenum of the 11th Central Committee adopted guidelines that were aimed at emancipating minds, seeking truth from facts and uniting in a "forward-looking" manner. The leaders decided to undertake a comprehensive economic restructuring and national modernization, encapsulated in a phrase that endures to this day: "Reform and opening up". They steered the country onto a course completely different from late chairman Mao Zedong's "cultural revolution" (1966-76).

1978-79 SOE reform

The 1978 Third Plenum called for allowing market forces to direct the economy. It also decided to expand the managerial autonomy of enterprises (which were all owned by the State or collectives at the time) and link workers' material interests to enterprise performance.

In July 1979, five documents from the State Council (China's cabinet) set the rules for reform of State-owned enterprises. They shifted decision-making power to factory managers and away from the government, and allowed managers to give bonuses to more productive workers.

1979-80 First SEZs

To facilitate "opening up" to the rest of the world, the State Council decided in July 1979 to create four special economic zones in Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou (all in Guangdong province) and Xiamen (in Fujian province).

The Shenzhen SEZ was established on Aug 26, 1980. What was once a fishing village adjacent to Hong Kong became a key business center for the nation.

1982 Communes gone

The CPC Central Committee issued its 1982 Document No 1 on rural reform, which resulted in the dismantling of the People's Commune system and sweeping changes under which farmers regained the rights and responsi-bilities of managing family plots, based on government guidelines and collective support.

1983-85 More rural reform

The CPC Central Committee devoted its Document No 1 in each of the three years to rural reform. During this process, fixed prices in the State procurement system for all farm products were abolished. Farmers were allowed to grow more cash crops for themselves. Privately held cottage industries sprung up like mushrooms, becoming the nation's first generation of enterprises.

Document No 1 later became a tradition. Since 2004, the CPC Central Committee's Document No 1 each year has been devoted to rural reform and development. This tradition underscores the leadership's resolve to honor the promises it made to farmers in the early days of reform.

1987 Joint-stock companies

Authorities approved the formation of joint-stock companies. This structure is now the primary one for companies being set up in China, either as reformed SOEs or new ventures by private investors. Since 1987, the number of stock market investors in the nation has grown to more than 60 million, with some 2,000 companies listed on the A-share markets in Shanghai and Shenzhen. Hundreds more are listed overseas.

1988 Liberalizing prices

The 13th Central Committee of the CPC held its Third Plenum in 1988. It decided to extend reform from successes in the countryside into the cities. It took a huge risk in liberalizing the price regime in a society where practically everything had a fixed price. Following that daring move came several years of tumultuous changes, including double-digit inflation and a widespread slowdown.

1992 Reform's comeback

Then-paramount leader and "chief architect" of reform, Deng Xiaoping, toured some of the southern provinces in early 1992, calling for greater courage and renewed efforts at reform. Deng's famous "southern tour" is regarded as a turning point in China's economy history, which led to a whole new series of reforms.

In October that year, the CPC held its 14th National Congress, during which a "socialist market economy" was designated as the goal of reforms and written into the CPC program.

1993 Shanghai's new role

More than three years after the central government promised flexible policies, the administrative committee was established on New Year's Day for Shanghai's Pudong Area. This became a new experimental zone for reform, making the city the platform for a new financial sector more in tune with global markets. China would later build on the experience of Pudong in 2013, as it approved the formation of the China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone.

1997 'Hong Kong, Hong Kong'

Hong Kong, which had long been the conduit for most foreign direct investment in China, and the market where most key Chinese companies were listed, was returned to Chinese sovereignty. It's now largest renminbi business center outside the Chinese mainland.

1998 Dramatic moment

The CPC's 15th Central Committee held its Third Plenum in 1998 as broad SOE reform proceeded. During that process, millions of workers lost their jobs and were relocated into other employment. The meeting also came after Beijing had helped Hong Kong's financial system withstand a currency attack amid the Asian financial crisis. This event made China more cautious about the health of its financial system and major banks.

2003 Improved markets

The CPC 16th Central Committee held its Third Plenum in 2003, promising to build a socialist market economy featuring more efficient SOEs, strong private businesses and improved government functions. It also promised better protection of property rights.

2008 Global crisis

Many reforms were promised during the CPC 17th Central Committee's Third Plenum in 2008, including a shift away from small family plots to larger farms. But global financial and economic turmoil, sparked by the US subprime loan crisis and later the eurozone's sovereign debt crisis, engulfed China. A weak world economy crippled Chinese exports and signaled that China's export-led strategy had reached its limits.

2012- Transition time

The nation's transition last year involved both a shift in power and a change in its economic model.

In the power transition, Xi Jinping was elected General Secretary of the Communist Party of China at its 18th National Congress in November 2012, and Li Keqiang was appointed Premier in March 2013.

Since then, intense work has gone into the preparations for an economic transition, from export-led growth to expansion driven by domestic consumption.

Previous Page 1 2 Next Page

 
...
Hot Topics
...
...
欧美日韩你懂得| 诱人的瑜伽老师3hd中字| 久久国产精品1区2区3区网页| 久久久99久久精品女同性| 亚洲国产精品yw在线观看| 7777精品久久久大香线蕉| 一本在线高清不卡dvd| 日韩精品久久久久久久软件91| 很黄很污的视频网站| 亚洲精品国产一区二区| 97在线视频一区| 欧美激情视频在线| 久久在线视频在线| 亚洲日韩欧美视频| 国产一区二区三区四| 日韩avvvv在线播放| 亚洲区第一页| 青青草伊人久久| 黑人巨大精品| 嗯~啊~轻一点视频日本在线观看| 亚洲s色大片| 久久久亚洲精华液精华液精华液| 天天操夜夜做| 久久99国产精品久久99果冻传媒 | 国产一区二区在线电影| 日本成人在线不卡视频| 久久在线91| 丝袜国产日韩另类美女| 免播放器亚洲| 日韩精品电影在线| 免费高清成人在线| 麻豆精品在线看| 毛片av一区二区| 麻豆国产精品一区二区三区| 免费观看30秒视频久久| 免费观看一级特黄欧美大片| 午夜亚洲福利在线老司机| 国产精品久久久一区二区| 一区二区三区福利| 久久激情婷婷| 日韩一区欧美二区| 蜜臀av性久久久久蜜臀aⅴ四虎| 国内精品久久久久久久97牛牛 | 美女视频在线免费| jizz.www| 黄色av免费看| aaawww| 免费成人黄色网址| 男女18免费网站视频| 成年人在线播放| 神马久久久久| 免费观看在线黄色网| 久久香蕉一区| 欧美韩国日本| 欧美日韩一区二区三区在线电影 | 久久久久久久国产精品视频| 青青草av专区| www.91在线播放| 乱小说综合网站| 在线免费中文字幕| 色网站在线看| 中文字幕在线视频久| 日韩黄色三级| 亚洲小说图片| 欧美日本久久| 麻豆精品久久久| 97久久超碰国产精品| 亚洲欧美日韩电影| 欧美视频一区二区三区| 亚洲第一中文字幕| 欧美裸身视频免费观看| 欧美性性性性性ⅹxxbbbb| xfplay资源站夜色先锋5566| 在线免费观看高清视频色| 日本中文字幕在线2020| 在线男人天堂| 国内精品麻豆美女在线播放视频| 国产精品成人a在线观看| 久久国产精品99国产| 福利一区二区在线| 亚洲视频资源在线| 欧美日韩一区二区三区高清| 日韩精品福利网站| 久久久久久久久综合| 国产九九九九| 欧美性开放视频| 一区二区在线看| 欧美日韩国产在线观看| 亚洲欧美日韩图片| 亚洲人成电影院在线观看| 日本成片免费高清| 中午字幕在线观看| 四虎成人精品| 一个人看的www久久| 欧美高跟鞋交xxxxhd| 久草视频国产| 国产国产人免费人成免费视频| 精品999视频| 一区二区乱码| 噜噜噜狠狠夜夜躁精品仙踪林| 在线观看国产精品入口| 精品在线免费视频| 国产精品久久久久三级| 欧美唯美清纯偷拍| 亚洲午夜色婷婷在线| 二区三区不卡不卡视频| 8888在线观看免费www| 国内三级在线观看| 色婷婷综合久久久中字幕精品久久 | 福利视频在线| 国产亚洲字幕| 中文一区一区三区免费在线观看| 看片的网站亚洲| 国产精品国产a| 欧美日韩国产不卡| 久久成人av网站| 夜夜骑日日射| 欧美国产在线观看| 三级影片在线观看欧美日韩一区二区| kk眼镜猥琐国模调教系列一区二区| 亚洲精品日日夜夜| 日韩1区在线| 国产亚洲高清视频| 久久久美女毛片| 91国产丝袜在线播放| 色一情一乱一区二区| 国产亚洲精品久久久网站好莱| 男人的天堂网av| 天天摸天天做天天爽水多| 成人h小游戏| 69堂免费精品视频在线播放| 日韩成人综合| 国产高清视频一区| 亚洲成a人v欧美综合天堂下载| 亚洲韩国欧洲国产日产av| 97色伦亚洲国产| av综合网页| 外国成人免费视频| 国产精品中文字幕日韩精品| 一级中文字幕一区二区| 日韩二区三区在线| 久久精品最新免费国产成人| 四虎电影院在线观看| 天然素人一区二区视频| 91精品国产91久久久久久密臀 | 欧美视频综合| 国产亚av手机在线观看| 天天操综合520| 日本不卡一区二区三区高清视频| 国产精品国模大尺度视频| 日韩视频一区在线观看| 97在线视频国产| 最近中文字幕mv2018在线高清| 波多野结衣亚洲一二三| 天天超碰亚洲| 91视频91自| 91精品国产91久久综合桃花| 亚洲成a人片77777kkkk| 写真福利理论片在线播放| 成人精品国产| 日韩视频一区| 亚洲美女屁股眼交| 国产亚洲欧洲在线| 两个人看的无遮挡免费视频| 日韩激情网站| 精品一区二区三区免费观看| 亚洲午夜一区二区| 中文字幕在线观看亚洲| 丁香激情五月婷婷| 动漫一区二区| 国产精品精品| 国产午夜精品一区二区三区视频| 日韩女优制服丝袜电影| 99综合精品| 国产午夜精品福利| 日韩欧美国产三级| 思思99精品视频在线观看| 国产精品视频二区三区| 国产乱论精品| 国产精品性做久久久久久| 欧美吞精做爰啪啪高潮| 综合免费一区二区三区| 好男人免费精品视频| 国产精品久av福利在线观看| 国产一区二区视频在线播放| 欧美午夜电影一区| 国产免费拔擦拔擦8x高清在线人| eeuss影院在线观看| 欧洲亚洲一区二区三区| 韩日av一区二区| 欧美日韩国产三级| 久热久热免费视频中文字幕777| 日韩欧美亚洲系列| 操你啦视频分享| 少妇淫片在线影院| 最新日韩av| 亚洲777理论| 韩国精品美女www爽爽爽视频| 在线观看免费av网| 卡通动漫国产精品| 不卡的av中国片| 亚洲黄在线观看| h视频在线观看免费完整版| 日韩成人影音| 青青草精品视频| 欧美午夜精品一区| 国产人成精品| 中文在线аv在线| 奶水喷射视频一区| 在线观看91精品国产入口| 美乳中文字幕| 欧美三区四区| 日韩成人dvd| 欧美日韩一区三区| 国产精选一区二区三区不卡催乳| а√天堂中文在线资源8| 亚洲麻豆av| 黑人巨大精品欧美一区二区三区 | 久久久91精品| 色视频免费在线观看| 九九久久成人| 国产精品欧美一区二区三区| 少妇高潮 亚洲精品| 欧美vide| 精品久久电影| 亚洲天堂成人网| 久久欧美在线电影| 国产二区三区在线| 亚洲国内欧美| 欧美午夜不卡在线观看免费| 精品卡一卡卡2卡3网站| 精精国产xxxx视频在线播放| 麻豆九一精品爱看视频在线观看免费| 欧美在线观看一区| 色偷偷网站视频| 久久亚洲人体| 99久久婷婷国产综合精品电影| 一区二区成人精品| 欧洲天堂在线观看| 91不卡在线观看| 一本久道久久综合中文字幕| 久久国产综合视频| 欧美暴力调教| 成人看片黄a免费看在线| 国产亚洲成精品久久| 亚洲kkk444kkk在线观看| 成人91在线| 亚洲综合色成人| 天堂在线国产| 一区在线影院| 91一区一区三区| 欧美成人高清视频| av片在线观看| 免费成人在线影院| 日韩成人xxxx| 污网站在线播放| 一本一道久久综合狠狠老| 欧美性猛交xxxx黑人| 国产大片在线观看| 国产一区二区三区黄网站| 久久久美女毛片| 久久久久久久久91| 成人福利影视| 国产福利一区二区| 在线精品91av| 毛片激情在线观看| 日本在线不卡一区| 亚洲美腿欧美激情另类| 日本啊v在线| 日韩视频久久| 欧美成人一区二区三区片免费| 男男做性免费视频网| 久久国产成人午夜av影院宅| 日韩欧美aaa| www.操操| 国产欧美日韩在线观看视频| 亚洲国产精品欧美一二99| 99re这里有精品| 国产伦精品一区二区三区免费优势| 日韩一区中文字幕| 欧美大交乱xxxxxbbb| 日韩欧美三区| 中文天堂在线一区| 中文字幕第8页| 久久影视精品| 国产精品麻豆网站| 日本一区精品久久久久影院| 精品女同一区二区三区在线观看| 国产丝袜在线精品| 亚洲男人天堂2017| 国产精品亚洲成在人线| 亚洲国产精品ⅴa在线观看| 中国女人内谢69xxxx视频| 成人在线视频免费| 国产精品三级电影| 青青草国产免费自拍| 精品精品视频| 亚洲尤物在线视频观看| 三级黄在线观看| 欧美禁忌电影| 在线免费不卡视频| 国产一级视频| 亚洲午夜精品久久久久久app| 欧美大胆人体bbbb| 川上优的av在线一区二区| 日本aⅴ精品一区二区三区 | 岛国91视频| 亚洲婷婷伊人| 精品视频一区 二区 三区| 写真片福利在线播放| 黄色成人精品网站| 日韩电影大片中文字幕| 免费av网站在线观看| 国产成人精品亚洲午夜麻豆| 欧美黑人xxxx| 国产精品蜜月aⅴ在线| 亚洲精选视频免费看| 全部孕妇毛片免费孕妇| 欧美色女视频| 日韩三级在线观看| 91短视频版在线观看www免费| 激情六月婷婷久久| 久久噜噜噜精品国产亚洲综合| 精品久久99| 亚洲国产欧美在线| 成人18网址在线观看| 欧美日韩影院| 亚洲裸体xxxx| 福利成人导航| 国产精品素人一区二区| 91av免费| 天堂网在线观看国产精品| 日韩精品一区二区三区在线观看 | 免费网站看v片在线a| 国产aⅴ综合色| 九九久久久2| 欧美福利在线播放网址导航| 欧美性猛交xxxx黑人交| 一区二区三区性视频| 免费看欧美女人艹b| 久久久久久亚洲精品中文字幕| 欧美天堂一区| 精品久久香蕉国产线看观看亚洲| 九色丨porny丨| 国产一区二区精品| 日韩视频―中文字幕| 欧美成a人片在线观看久| 亚洲欧美一区二区三区极速播放 | 三级成人在线视频| 九九热视频这里只有精品| 欧美啪啪网站| 色悠悠亚洲一区二区| 欧美视频免费一区二区三区| 久久机这里只有精品| 欧美亚洲视频在线看网址| 都市激情久久| 欧美丰满一区二区免费视频| www.亚洲资源| 91麻豆6部合集magnet| 91电影91视频| 欧美日韩国产成人精品| 亚洲最大在线视频| 欧美va在线| 欧美三级xxx| 蜜桃视频在线入口www| 国v精品久久久网| 国产在线精品一区二区不卡| 成人中文视频| 亚洲女成人图区| 成人黄色免费观看| 色噜噜偷拍精品综合在线| 国产天堂在线| 久久久五月婷婷| jizz日本| 视频在线在亚洲| 亚洲视频网站在线| 国产精品亚洲片在线播放| 亚洲国产精品va在线看黑人动漫| 黄在线观看免费网站ktv| 亚洲综合一区二区精品导航| 日日噜噜噜夜夜爽爽狠狠| 六月丁香婷婷色狠狠久久| 中文字幕久热在线精品| 9999国产精品| 色哟哟网站入口亚洲精品| 色综合视频一区二区三区44| 欧洲在线/亚洲| 日本中文字幕视频在线| 中文字幕不卡在线观看| 99热在线观看免费| 日韩成人精品在线| 欧美成人亚洲高清在线观看| 97视频精品| 久久久www成人免费精品张筱雨| 日韩精品亚洲专区在线观看| 欧美一级理论片| 激情视频网站在线播放色| 精品福利视频导航| 成人网视频在线观看| 中文字幕国产一区二区|