国产av不卡一区二区_欧美xxxx做受欧美_成年人看的毛片_亚洲第一天堂在线观看_亚洲午夜精品久久久中文影院av_8x8ⅹ国产精品一区二区二区_久久精品国产sm调教网站演员_亚洲av综合色区无码一二三区_成人免费激情视频_国产九九九视频

   
  home feedback about us  
   
CHINAGATE.OPINION.Urban development    
Agriculture  
Education&HR  
Energy  
Environment  
Finance  
Legislation  
Macro economy  
Population  
Private economy  
SOEs  
Sci-Tech  
Social security  
Telecom  
Trade  
Transportation  
Rural development  
Urban development  
     
     
 
 
Essential steps to tackle widening income gap


2006-06-02
China Daily

History shows that social and economic disequilibrium occurred in the course of the industrialization of many countries. This is particularly the case when per capita GDP crosses the US$1,000 threshold. This is manifested in  widening income gaps between different social strata.

China, having experienced almost three decades of rapid growth, is now confronted with the same question that haunted other industrializing countries in the past.

China had a Gini coefficient of 0.4 at the end of last year. The Gini coefficient is widely used across the world to gauge  income inequality, with zero indicating perfect equality and 1 being a state of perfect inequality. A Gini coefficient of 0.5 is the warning level of inequality.

By striving for a harmonious society, the Chinese Government is taking serious steps to address this problem.

President Hu Jintao recently presided over a meeting of leading officials on the issue of wealth distribution. This clearly indicates that the narrowing of the income gap tops the central government's agenda.

What has led to this ever-widening income gap?

Generally speaking, there are three types of income gaps  per capita income difference between different localities, per capita income gaps between urban and rural residents, and per capita income disequilibrium between residents in the same locality.

Obviously, the former two types of income disparity have much to do with physical factors such as climate, soil, geography, natural resources and communications facilities. In this context, the income gap has widened with the development of the Chinese economy. We may define the cause of the income gap in this category as a "development-based factor."

There are a number of other factors contributing to disparities in earnings.

One of these is "income composition." At present, the sources of income of the Chinese people, both in urban and rural areas, are becoming increasingly diversified. It is fairly common that a person does more than one job concurrently or has a number of different sources of income. An income gap naturally evolves from this.

Then come "essential elements." This means  that essential elements such as capital and working skills play an increasingly more integral role in wealth distribution. In other words, thanks to the fact that capital and sophisticated working skills contribute more to economic growth than simple labour does, those who possess such assets acquire much more wealth than ordinary labourers. The gap between the incomes of these groups, for instance, reflects the disparity between dividends from capital input and earnings from simple labour.

Policy-based factors also contribute to the ever widening income gap. These factors chiefly relate to changes in economic, industrial and employment policies, which exacerbate income disequilibrium between different social strata.

A "high employment rate and low wages" policy was adopted shortly after the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949 and was implemented for many years. But this policy, the hallmarks of which were egalitarianism and low productivity, was scrapped after the nation embarked on reform and opening in the late 1970s.

The reorganization or takeover of some enterprises, combined with the fact that the government focused on large State-owned enterprises and left others to the mercy of market forces, meant that redundancies naturally followed. The situation was compounded by a lack of credit support offered to small- and medium-sized enterprises. This largely explains why people made redundant have little initiative to start their own businesses and, in turn, employ themselves and others.

Statistics show that only 100,000 legal-person enterprises were launched annually between 1999 and 2004. This figure pales into insignificance beside the enormous figure of 8 million people seeking employment every year. Against this backdrop, laid-off workers, college graduates and migrant workers seeking employment in cities constitute an inexhaustible source of inexpensive labour. Given such a large number of people on low incomes, how could China's Gini coefficient not approach the warning level?

Finally, there are institutional factors. These are the result of the constant adaptation of the nation's political and economic establishments to changing situations, as well as having to navigate their way through uncharted economic waters.

Volatile institutions and repeated policy changes caused loopholes and dislocations between old and new infrastructures. This was multiplied by the disconcerted operations of various government departments, by vested interests monopolizing important sectors, by corrupt officials seeking disproportionately fat profits and by officials using their power for financial gain. Such circumstances literally mean that some people get rich overnight while others remain poor.

Among the five major causes of the widening earnings gap, problems triggered by income composition are easy to resolve. Furthermore, this factor can have a positive impact on the nation's development, but only if effective labour laws and rules are in place, intellectual property rights are better protected and a workable policy is formulated on labour mobility.

Problems arising from development-based factors can be relieved and eased through the current nationwide bid to build a new socialist countryside. Hard work is required to eliminate the structure of rural-urban duality.

In addition, economic legislation such as the resources law is needed to ensure that the less-developed central and western regions of the country can better utilize their rich resources. The bid to get rid of this contributing factor would itself undoubtedly facilitate the country's future sustainable development.

Weeding out policy-based factors calls for the integration of economic growth and employment. Preferential tax and financial policies should be implemented to support the founding and development of small- and medium-sized businesses. In this way, employment is expected to be boosted and, in turn, the income gap narrowed. The transition from investment-driven growth to demand-powered development, which has been a headache for the central government, will then hopefully be achieved.

But the real hard nuts to crack are the essential element-based and institutional factors.

To resolve the problems caused by the former, it is essential that, led by taxation policies, owners of capital be made to shoulder greater social responsibilities.

At the same time, the principle that the distribution of wealth should be determined by the role played by essential elements of production should be adhered to. The old rut of extreme egalitarianism ought to be shunned.

Maladies originating from institutional factors can be cured by forceful means. No acts of seeking benefits by using power should be allowed to continue. The abuse of power for financial gain veiled behind monopolies must be stopped. The situation in which distribution of wealth is tainted and distorted by corruption must be redressed.

The authorities must regard this contributing factor, which is the one most hated by the public, as a malicious tumour and remove it without hesitation.

The author Qin Xiaoying is a researcher from the China Foundation for International and Strategic Studies.

 
 
     
  print  
     
  go to forum  
     
     
 
home feedback about us  
  Produced by m.512aiai.com. All Rights Reserved
E-mail: webmaster@chinagate.com.cn
juy有坂深雪中文字幕| 日韩欧美在线精品| 日韩国产网站| 爱看av在线| 拍真实国产伦偷精品| 欧美大片aaa| 日本免费一二区| 奇米四色7777| 欧美wwwwxxxx| 中文字幕国语官网在线视频| 欧美黑人性视频| 在线日韩第一页| 精品亚洲一区二区三区| 日韩一区二区中文字幕| 黄色成人在线免费| 一个色综合网站| 亚洲免费观看高清完整版在线| 久久伊99综合婷婷久久伊| 成人午夜视频在线| 看电视剧不卡顿的网站| 美女国产精品| 免费永久网站黄欧美| 亚洲美女黄网| 99国产精品私拍| 日韩五码在线| 亚洲免费观看| 亚洲一区日本| 午夜综合激情| 美女国产一区| 日本免费新一区视频| 亚洲激情偷拍| 亚洲欧洲日本一区二区三区| 亚洲一级网站| 亚洲国产清纯| 中文在线一区| 麻豆91精品| 人人狠狠综合久久亚洲| 日本不卡免费在线视频| 视频精品一区二区| 日韩av电影天堂| 麻豆精品在线看| 视频一区在线视频| 蜜桃视频在线观看一区| 久久国产精品99精品国产| 久久99久国产精品黄毛片色诱| 精一区二区三区| 国产精品一区在线| 国产成人午夜视频| 国产成人精品一区二区三区四区| 国产成人小视频| 91在线小视频| 中文在线免费一区三区高中清不卡| 国产免费观看久久| 亚洲视频图片小说| 亚洲国产三级在线| 亚洲一区二区三区免费视频| 亚洲成人综合网站| 91久久线看在观草草青青| 欧美三级三级三级爽爽爽| 欧美理论电影在线| 亚洲成人av中文字幕| 亚洲精品中文字幕有码专区| 日韩精品www| 日韩在线视频观看正片免费网站| 中文字幕国产精品久久| 久久久精品一区| 午夜精品久久久久久久99黑人| 8x海外华人永久免费日韩内陆视频| 97色伦亚洲国产| 97视频在线观看亚洲| 久草免费福利视频| 四虎国产成人免费观看| 在线观看免费电影| 韩国av电影免费观看| 在线视频资源站| 五月婷婷在线视频| 国产福利电影在线播放| 久久久加勒比| 美女视频免费精品| 国产精品久久久久久影院8一贰佰 国产精品久久久久久麻豆一区软件 | 国产一起色一起爱| 岛国片免费观看| 麻豆av观看| 黄色小视频在线免费观看| 国产婷婷视频在线| 韩国主播福利视频一区二区三区| 亚洲国产一区二区久久| 亚洲第一二三区| 你懂的视频一区二区| 丝袜美腿亚洲一区二区图片| 国产精品自产自拍| 欧美经典一区二区| 欧美视频二区36p| 欧美一级理论片| 最近2019中文字幕在线高清| 久久免费视频网站| 国产精品自拍在线观看| 天天射狠狠干| 国产免费a∨片在线观看不卡| 超碰在线最新网址| 9999在线精品视频| 国产亚洲电影| 午夜综合激情| 成人h动漫精品一区二| 亚洲日本在线天堂| 欧美日韩在线三区| 亚洲天堂色网站| 欧美一级免费视频| 免费网站看电影大片| 一级一片免费视频| 97视频精彩视频在线观看| 中文在线免费视频| 精品国产伦一区二区三区观看说明 | jizzjizzjizzjizzjizzjizzjizz| 欧美一级片在线播放| 国产精品一区二区三区高清在线| 国产不卡视频| 欧美a在线看| 亚洲高清国产拍精品26u| 国产亚洲一区二区三区不卡| 欧美啪啪一区| 国产一区二区三区在线观看免费视频 | 一区二区三区精品视频在线观看| 成人性生交大合| 亚洲第一激情av| 91精品国产综合久久精品性色| 中文字幕在线观看亚洲| 欧美色婷婷天堂网站| 日本在线中文电影| 大桥未久在线视频| 国产一区二区三区日韩精品| 久久99热国产| 亚洲一本大道在线| 亚洲人线精品午夜| 国产免费黄色| 国产视频网站在线| 国产精品视频一区视频二区| 韩国亚洲精品| 国产欧美精品一区二区色综合| 欧美久久一二区| 国内精品久久久| 成视频年人免费看黄网站| 国产福利在线免费观看| 国产欧美日韩在线观看视频| 极品少妇xxxx精品少妇| 婷婷六月综合亚洲| 色吧影院999| 娇小的粉嫩xxx极品| 欧美黑人激情| 偷拍一区二区| 国产精品自产自拍| 在线精品视频免费播放| 九九热这里只有精品6| 成人福利影院| 在线手机中文字幕| 亚洲视频在线免费| 久久久精品tv| 亚洲精品一区二区三区99| 日本一本久久| 大地资源中文在线观看免费版| 香港久久久电影| 秋霞国产午夜精品免费视频| 亚洲国产日韩av| 最近2019好看的中文字幕免费| 黄漫在线播放| jizzjizz中国精品麻豆| 91精品一区二区三区综合在线爱 | 欧美极度另类性三渗透| 国产国语**毛片高清视频| 吉吉日韩欧美| 国产欧美大片| 亚洲一区二区三区中文字幕 | 欧美特级www| 欧美疯狂xxxx大交乱88av| 国产乱真实合集| 日本美女久久| 玖玖玖国产精品| 疯狂做受xxxx高潮欧美日本| 欧美激情一级二级| 中文字幕中文字幕在线中文字幕三区 | 国产在线|日韩| 性欧美xxxx大乳国产app| 亚洲h动漫在线| 欧美高清视频免费观看| 97影院手机在线观看| 国产午夜亚洲精品一级在线| 久久精品国产免费看久久精品| 精品久久中文字幕| 97不卡在线视频| 日本又骚又刺激的视频在线观看| 91麻豆精品激情在线观看最新| 韩国v欧美v日本v亚洲v| 欧美久久久久久久久久| 九色精品视频在线观看| 天天在线视频色| 99国产**精品****| 亚洲欧洲日韩av| xxxxx成人.com| 超碰96在线| 好吊妞国产欧美日韩免费观看网站 | 精品污污网站免费看| 四虎影视最新网址| 老司机午夜在线| 91精品精品| 亚洲综合无码一区二区| 欧美成人自拍视频| 深夜福利在线视频| 红桃视频在线观看一区二区| 国产欧美一区二区精品性色超碰| 国产香蕉97碰碰久久人人| 加勒比日本影视| 免费一级欧美片在线观看网站| 国产一区二区三区日韩| 精品日韩一区二区| www.女人的天堂.com| 成人全视频在线观看在线播放高清| 毛片av中文字幕一区二区| 欧美日韩成人在线一区| 成人欧美视频在线观看播放| 亚洲国产福利| 麻豆国产一区二区| 欧美白人最猛性xxxxx69交| 丁香激情五月婷婷| 亚洲欧美在线综合| 丁香婷婷综合色啪| 亚洲欧美日韩久久久久久| 可以看美女隐私的网站| 精品国产一区二区三区不卡蜜臂| 91麻豆国产精品久久| 中文字幕精品www乱入免费视频| 亚洲精品一区二区| 天堂在线精品| 亚洲手机成人高清视频| 久久久久久亚洲精品不卡| 尤物视频在线免费观看| 午夜激情一区| 日韩欧美极品在线观看| 欧美高清videosex极品| 综合日韩av| 久国产精品韩国三级视频| 亚洲成人黄色在线观看| 天堂色在线视频| 天堂综合网久久| 亚洲人成亚洲人成在线观看图片| 久久久噜噜噜久久中文字免| 黄色免费网站在线| 国产婷婷精品| 欧美一区在线视频| 99re99| 国产成人久久| 亚洲一区二区在线视频| 思99热精品久久只有精品| 亚洲精品福利电影| 国产精品一区二区三区四区| 亚洲精品在线视频| 欧美美女搞黄| 狠狠综合久久| 欧美精品tushy高清| 制服丝袜影音先锋| 奇米777国产一区国产二区| 最新日韩av在线| 中文娱乐网av| 精品成人av| 91一区二区三区在线观看| 欧美成人中文字幕| 女同视频在线观看| 六月丁香婷婷久久| 亚洲欧美中文字幕| 国产一级在线| 久久成人国产| 亚洲成人黄色网址| 在线免费黄色毛片| 欧美在线视屏| 91精品国产综合久久精品麻豆| 国产精品三级a三级三级午夜| 精品一区电影| 91福利视频网站| 黄色av免费看| 欧美老女人另类| 一本久久精品一区二区| jizz在线免费播放| 久久综合欧美| 色综合久久天天综合网| 九九热视频免费在线观看| 欧美久久精品| 图片区小说区国产精品视频| 涩涩视频网站| 天天躁日日躁狠狠躁欧美巨大小说| 一区二区免费在线播放| 国产狂喷白浆在线观看视频| 亚洲高清在线一区| 亚洲综合区在线| 涩涩视频免费观看| 免费精品国产| 在线亚洲人成电影网站色www| a级毛片免费| 欧美大黑bbbbbbbbb在线| 欧美少妇一区二区| 伊人资源视频在线| 亚洲免费精品| 亚洲欧美日韩一区在线| 搞黄网站在线观看| 国产精品一区在线观看你懂的| 欧美老女人性视频| 范冰冰一级做a爰片久久毛片| 91视频国产资源| 天堂中文在线免费观看| vam成人资源在线观看| 伊人婷婷欧美激情| 日本午夜精华| av一区二区高清| 制服丝袜一区二区三区| 在线观看麻豆视频| 久久不射网站| 日韩在线播放视频| 中文在线а√在线8| 中文字幕精品一区| 国产精品入口免费麻豆| 在线观看欧美理论a影院| 欧美三电影在线| 在线观看av片| 日韩精品一区第一页| 日韩在线播放视频| 欧美香蕉视频| 亚洲免费av高清| 黄色网址免费在线| 91精品国产福利在线观看麻豆| 日韩一区二区三区免费看 | 国产成人精品一区二区三区四区 | 国产亚洲精品超碰| 国产中文伊人| 伊人成综合网伊人222| 欧美日韩国产成人在线91| 午夜影院在线免费观看| 免费不卡在线视频| 久久久久亚洲精品| 最新亚洲国产| 午夜精品在线看| 一个人看的免费视频色| 久久性天堂网| 欧美日韩爱爱视频| 国产aa精品| 欧美日韩亚洲激情| 欧美另类极限扩张| 青青草原综合久久大伊人精品优势| 久热在线中文字幕色999舞| 韩国成人在线| 午夜精品福利久久久| 黄页在线观看视频| 久久国产精品色婷婷| 96精品视频在线| 国产精品调教| 777亚洲妇女| 黄黄的网站在线观看| 久久久久国产一区二区三区四区| 国产精品冒白浆免费视频| 欧美一区电影| 亚洲国产日韩精品在线| 成人爽a毛片免费啪啪动漫| 国产精品久久久久一区二区三区共 | 欧美91视频| 中文字幕不卡av| 国产亚洲人成a在线v网站| 亚洲777理论| 色视频免费在线观看| 国产精品91一区二区| 精品入口麻豆传煤| 99成人超碰| 在线视频精品一| 欧美美女福利视频| 在线精品观看国产| 日本在线观看www| 国产亚洲精品中文字幕| 啪啪av大全导航福利网址| 午夜在线视频一区二区区别| 国产69精品久久久久9| 国产一区在线电影| 精品国内二区三区| 国产免费拔擦拔擦8x在线播放| 亚洲欧美日韩在线| ga∨成人网| 成人免费看视频| 91美女视频| 亚洲欧洲日本一区二区三区| 欧美激情精品久久久久久大尺度 | 亚洲综合精品四区| 欧美极品少妇xxxxⅹ喷水| 成午夜精品一区二区三区软件| 91精品国产欧美一区二区18 | 国产精品伊人色| 国产吧在线视频| 亚洲毛片av| 777精品视频| 日韩国产欧美一区二区| 在线午夜精品自拍| 精品国产亚洲一区二区在线观看 | 91精品国产91久久久久游泳池| 国产亚洲一区二区三区| 欧美18—20岁hd第一次| 久久精品理论片|