二、武裝力量建設與發展

II. Building and Development of China's Armed Forces

中國武裝力量由人民解放軍、人民武裝警察部隊、民兵組成，在國家安全和發展戰略全局中具有重要地位和作用，肩負著維護國家主權、安全、發展利益的光榮使命和神圣職責。

China's armed forces are composed of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), the People's Armed Police Force (PAPF) and the militia. They play a significant role in China's overall strategies of security and development, and shoulder the glorious mission and sacred duty of safeguarding national sovereignty, security and development interests.

近年來，人民解放軍按照履行使命任務和信息化建設發展要求，積極穩妥推進軍隊改革。強化軍委總部戰略管理功能，組建人民解放軍戰略規劃部，將總參通信部改編為信息化部，將總參軍訓和兵種部改編為軍訓部；推進新型作戰力量建設，調整優化各軍兵種規模結構，改革部隊編組模式，推動作戰力量編成向精干、聯合、多能、高效方向發展；完善新型軍隊人才培養體系，深化軍事人力資源和后勤政策制度調整改革，加強高新技術武器裝備建設，努力構建中國特色現代軍事力量體系。

Over the years, the PLA has been proactively and steadily pushing forward its reforms in line with the requirements of performing its missions and tasks, and building an informationized military. The PLA has intensified the strategic administration of the Central Military Commission (CMC). It established the PLA Department of Strategic Planning, reorganized the GSH (Headquarters of the General Staff) Communications Department as the GSH Informationization Department, and the GSH Training and Arms Department as the GSH Training Department. The PLA is engaged in the building of new types of combat forces. It optimizes the size and structure of the various services and arms, reforms the organization of the troops so as to make operational forces lean, joint, multi-functional and efficient. The PLA works to improve the training mechanism for military personnel of a new type, adjust policies and rules regarding military human resources and logistics, and strengthen the development of new- and high-technology weaponry and equipment to build a modern military force structure with Chinese characteristics.

陸軍主要擔負陸地作戰任務，包括機動作戰部隊、邊海防部隊、警衛警備部隊等。按照機動作戰、立體攻防的戰略要求，陸軍積極推進由區域防衛型向全域機動型轉變，加快發展陸軍航空兵、輕型機械化部隊和特種作戰部隊，加強數字化部隊建設，逐步實現部隊編成的小型化、模塊化、多能化，提高空地一體、遠程機動、快速突擊和特種作戰能力。陸軍機動作戰部隊包括１８個集團軍和部分獨立合成作戰師（旅），現有８５萬人。集團軍由師、旅編成，分別隸屬于７個軍區。沈陽軍區下轄第１６、３９、４０集團軍，北京軍區下轄第２７、３８、６５集團軍，蘭州軍區下轄第２１、４７集團軍，濟南軍區下轄第２０、２６、５４集團軍，南京軍區下轄第１、１２、３１集團軍，廣州軍區下轄第４１、４２集團軍，成都軍區下轄第１３、１４集團軍。

The PLA Army (PLAA) is composed of mobile operational units, border and coastal defense units, guard and garrison units, and is primarily responsible for military operations on land. In line with the strategic requirements of mobile operations and multi-dimensional offense and defense, the PLAA has been reoriented from theater defense to trans-theater mobility. It is accelerating the development of army aviation troops, light mechanized units and special operations forces, and enhancing building of digitalized units, gradually making its units small, modular and multi-functional in organization so as to enhance their capabilities for air-ground integrated operations, long-distance maneuvers, rapid assaults and special operations. The PLAA mobile operational units include 18 combined corps, plus additional independent combined operational divisions (brigades), and have a total strength of 850,000. The combined corps, composed of divisions and brigades, are respectively under the seven military area commands (MACs): Shenyang (16th, 39th and 40th Combined Corps), Beijing (27th, 38th and 65th Combined Corps), Lanzhou (21st and 47th Combined Corps), Jinan (20th, 26th and 54th Combined Corps), Nanjing (1st, 12th and 31st Combined Corps), Guangzhou (41st and 42nd Combined Corps) and Chengdu (13th and 14th Combined Corps).

海軍是海上作戰行動的主體力量，擔負著保衛國家海上方向安全、領海主權和維護海洋權益的任務，主要由潛艇部隊、水面艦艇部隊、航空兵、陸戰隊、岸防部隊等兵種組成。按照近海防御的戰略要求，海軍注重提高近海綜合作戰力量現代化水平，發展先進潛艇、驅逐艦、護衛艦等裝備，完善綜合電子信息系統裝備體系，提高遠海機動作戰、遠海合作與應對非傳統安全威脅能力，增強戰略威懾與反擊能力。海軍現有２３．５萬人，下轄北海、東海和南海３個艦隊，艦隊下轄艦隊航空兵、基地、支隊、水警區、航空兵師和陸戰旅等部隊。２０１２年９月，第一艘航空母艦“遼寧艦”交接入列。中國發展航空母艦，對于建設強大海軍和維護海上安全具有深遠意義。

The PLA Navy (PLAN) is China's mainstay for operations at sea, and is responsible for safeguarding its maritime security and maintaining its sovereignty over its territorial seas along with its maritime rights and interests. The PLAN is composed of the submarine, surface vessel, naval aviation, marine corps and coastal defense arms. In line with the requirements of its offshore defense strategy, the PLAN endeavors to accelerate the modernization of its forces for comprehensive offshore operations, develop advanced submarines, destroyers and frigates, and improve integrated electronic and information systems. Furthermore, it develops blue-water capabilities of conducting mobile operations, carrying out international cooperation, and countering non-traditional security threats, and enhances its capabilities of strategic deterrence and counterattack. Currently, the PLAN has a total strength of 235,000 officers and men, and commands three fleets, namely, the Beihai Fleet, the Donghai Fleet and the Nanhai Fleet. Each fleet has fleet aviation headquarters, support bases, flotillas and maritime garrison commands, as well as aviation divisions and marine brigades. In September 2012, China's first aircraft carrier Liaoning was commissioned into the PLAN. China's development of an aircraft carrier has a profound impact on building a strong PLAN and safeguarding maritime security.

空軍是空中作戰行動的主體力量，擔負著保衛國家領空安全、保持全國空防穩定的任務，主要由航空兵、地面防空兵、雷達兵、空降兵、電子對抗等兵種組成。按照攻防兼備的戰略要求，空軍加強以偵察預警、空中進攻、防空反導、戰略投送為重點的作戰力量體系建設，發展新一代作戰飛機、新型地空導彈和新型雷達等先進武器裝備，完善預警、指揮和通信網絡，提高戰略預警、威懾和遠程空中打擊能力。空軍現有３９．８萬人，下轄沈陽、北京、蘭州、濟南、南京、廣州、成都７個軍區空軍和１個空降兵軍。軍區空軍下轄基地、航空兵師（旅）、地空導彈師（旅）、雷達旅等。

The PLA Air Force (PLAAF) is China's mainstay for air operations, responsible for its territorial air security and maintaining a stable air defense posture nationwide. It is primarily composed of aviation, ground air defense, radar, airborne and electronic countermeasures (ECM) arms. In line with the strategic requirements of conducting both offensive and defensive operations, the PLAAF is strengthening the development of a combat force structure that focuses on reconnaissance and early warning, air strike, air and missile defense, and strategic projection. It is developing such advanced weaponry and equipment as new-generation fighters and new-type ground-to-air missiles and radar systems, improving its early warning, command and communications networks, and raising its strategic early warning, strategic deterrence and long-distance air strike capabilities. The PLAAF now has a total strength of 398,000 officers and men, and an air command in each of the seven Military Area Commands (MACs) of Shenyang, Beijing, Lanzhou, Jinan, Nanjing, Guangzhou and Chengdu. In addition, it commands one airborne corps. Under each air command are bases, aviation divisions (brigades), ground-to-air missile divisions (brigades), radar brigades and other units.

第二炮兵是中國戰略威懾的核心力量，主要擔負遏制他國對中國使用核武器、遂行核反擊和常規導彈精確打擊任務，由核導彈部隊、常規導彈部隊、作戰保障部隊等組成。按照精干有效的原則，第二炮兵加快推進信息化轉型，依靠科技進步推動武器裝備自主創新，利用成熟技術有重點、有選擇改進現有裝備，提高導彈武器的安全性、可靠性、有效性，完善核常兼備的力量體系，增強快速反應、有效突防、精確打擊、綜合毀傷和生存防護能力，戰略威懾與核反擊、常規精確打擊能力穩步提升。第二炮兵下轄導彈基地、訓練基地、專業保障部隊、院校和科研機構等，目前裝備東風系列彈道導彈和長劍巡航導彈。

The PLA Second Artillery Force (PLASAF) is a core force for China's strategic deterrence. It is mainly composed of nuclear and conventional missile forces and operational support units, primarily responsible for deterring other countries from using nuclear weapons against China, and carrying out nuclear counterattacks and precision strikes with conventional missiles. Following the principle of building a lean and effective force, the PLASAF is striving to push forward its informationization transform, relying on scientific and technological progress to boost independent innovations in weaponry and equipment, modernizing current equipment selectively by applying mature technology, enhancing the safety, reliability and effectiveness of its missiles, improving its force structure of having both nuclear and conventional missiles, strengthening its rapid reaction, effective penetration, precision strike, damage infliction, protection and survivability capabilities. The PLASAF capabilities of strategic deterrence, nuclear counterattack and conventional precision strike are being steadily elevated. The PLASAF has under its command missile bases, training bases, specialized support units, academies and research institutions. It has a series of "Dong Feng" ballistic missiles and "Chang Jian" cruise missiles.

武警部隊平時主要擔負執勤、處置突發事件、反恐怖、參加和支援國家經濟建設等任務，戰時配合人民解放軍進行防衛作戰。武警部隊依托國家信息基礎設施，建立完善從總部至基層中隊的三級綜合信息網絡系統，發展部隊遂行任務急需的武器裝備，開展針對性訓練，提高執勤、處置突發事件、反恐怖能力。武警部隊由內衛部隊和警種部隊組成，內衛部隊包括省（自治區、直轄市）總隊和機動師，警種部隊包括黃金、森林、水電、交通部隊，公安邊防、消防、警衛部隊列入武警序列。

In peacetime, the PAPF's main tasks include performing guard duties, dealing with emergencies, combating terrorism and participating in and supporting national economic development. In wartime, it is tasked with assisting the PLA in defensive operations. Based on the national information infrastructure, the PAPF has built a three-level comprehensive information network from PAPF general headquarters down to squadrons. It develops task-oriented weaponry and equipment and conducts scenario-based training so as to improve its guard-duty, emergency-response and counter-terrorism capabilities. The PAPF is composed of the internal security force and other specialized forces. The internal security force is composed of contingents at the level of province (autonomous region or municipality directly under the central government) and mobile divisions. Specialized PAPF forces include those guarding gold mines, forests, hydroelectric projects and transportation facilities. The border public security, firefighting and security guard forces are also components of the PAPF.

民兵是不脫產的群眾武裝組織，是人民解放軍的助手和后備力量。民兵擔負參加社會主義現代化建設、執行戰備勤務、參加防衛作戰、協助維護社會秩序和參加搶險救災等任務。民兵建設注重調整規模結構，改善武器裝備，推進訓練改革，提高以支援保障打贏信息化條件下局部戰爭能力為核心的完成多樣化軍事任務能力。民兵組織分為基干民兵組織和普通民兵組織。基干民兵組織編有應急隊伍，聯合防空、情報偵察、通信保障、工程搶修、交通運輸、裝備維修等支援隊伍，以及作戰保障、后勤保障、裝備保障等儲備隊伍。

The militia is an armed organization composed of the people not released from their regular work. As an assistant and backup force of the PLA, the militia is tasked with participating in the socialist modernization drive, performing combat readiness support and defensive operations, helping maintain social order and participating in emergency rescue and disaster relief operations. The militia focuses on optimizing its size and structure, improving its weaponry and equipment, and pushing forward reforms in training so as to enhance its capabilities of supporting diversified military operations, of which the core is to win local wars in informationized conditions. The militia falls into two categories: primary and general. The primary militia has emergency response detachments; supporting detachments such as joint air defense, intelligence, reconnaissance, communications support, engineering rush-repair, transportation and equipment repair; and reserve units for combat, logistics and equipment support.