四、婦女與健康
IV. Women and Health

中國建立覆蓋城鄉(xiāng)的醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生服務(wù)體系，增強(qiáng)疾病防治能力，擴(kuò)大醫(yī)療保障覆蓋人口，不斷完善和健全婦幼健康法律政策和服務(wù)體系，大力實(shí)施婦幼衛(wèi)生保健項(xiàng)目，提高婦幼衛(wèi)生服務(wù)的公平性和可及性，婦女健康狀況得到顯著改善。
China has set up a medical and health service system covering urban and rural areas, and has been working hard to enhance disease prevention and control capabilities, expand the overall coverage of medical insurance, improve laws and policies on maternal and child health as well as the service system in this regard, implement maternal and child healthcare programs, and endeavor to make maternal and child health services more equitable and accessible. As a result, women's health has significantly improved.

建立較為完善的婦幼健康法律政策體系。制定、修訂并實(shí)施《中華人民共和國母嬰保健法》《中華人民共和國人口與計(jì)劃生育法》等法律法規(guī)，出臺一系列配套規(guī)章和規(guī)范性文件，使婦幼健康逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)了有法可依、依法管理、規(guī)范服務(wù)。把婦女健康指標(biāo)納入國家國民經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展總體規(guī)劃和專項(xiàng)規(guī)劃，把婦幼保健作為國家基本公共服務(wù)的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容，把乳腺癌、宮頸癌醫(yī)治納入重大疾病醫(yī)療保障和醫(yī)療救助體系，提高婦女醫(yī)療保障水平。
A relatively sound system of laws and policies on maternal and child health has been established. The state has enacted, revised and implemented the Law of the People's Republic of China on Maternal and Infant Health Care, the Law of the People's Republic of China on Population and Family Planning in addition to a number of other laws and regulations, and introduced a series of supporting regulations and normative documents, to provide a legal framework for maternal and child health work. The state has included women's health indicators in the overall plans and special plans of the national economy and social development, made maternal and child healthcare a key element of the provision of national basic public services, and incorporated medical treatment of breast and cervical cancers into the medical security and assistance system for major diseases, thus improving women's healthcare.

構(gòu)建具有中國特色的婦幼健康服務(wù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)。中國已基本形成以婦幼保健機(jī)構(gòu)為核心，以基層醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu)為基礎(chǔ)，以大中型醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)和相關(guān)科研教學(xué)機(jī)構(gòu)為技術(shù)支撐，覆蓋城鄉(xiāng)的婦幼保健服務(wù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)。截至2014年底，全國共有婦幼保健機(jī)構(gòu)3131個(gè)。完善基層?jì)D幼衛(wèi)生服務(wù)體系，為婦女提供全生命周期的保健服務(wù)。建立健全婦幼衛(wèi)生年報(bào)系統(tǒng)和婦幼衛(wèi)生監(jiān)測網(wǎng)絡(luò)。優(yōu)化衛(wèi)生資源配置，增加農(nóng)村和邊遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)婦幼衛(wèi)生經(jīng)費(fèi)投入。加快婦幼衛(wèi)生人才培養(yǎng)，加強(qiáng)婦幼保健機(jī)構(gòu)人員配備。
A network of maternal and child health services has been put in place. A network of maternal and child health services covering both urban and rural areas has taken shape in China, with maternity and child care institutions as the core, community-level health care institutions as the foundation, and large or medium-sized medical institutions and relevant research and teaching institutions as the support. By the end of 2014, there had been 3,131 maternity and child care institutions throughout the country. The state has worked hard to improve community-level maternal and child health services and managed to provide full life-cycle health services for women. The state has also established and improved a system of annual reporting on maternal and child health, and a monitoring network. It has optimized the allocation of health resources, and increased funding for maternal and child health in rural and remote areas. It has accelerated personnel training in this regard and strengthened staffing for those institutions.

婦幼衛(wèi)生服務(wù)的公平性和可及性進(jìn)一步提高。實(shí)施基本公共衛(wèi)生服務(wù)項(xiàng)目和婦幼重大公共衛(wèi)生服務(wù)項(xiàng)目，提高孕產(chǎn)婦系統(tǒng)管理率，規(guī)范服務(wù)行為，改善服務(wù)質(zhì)量，促進(jìn)婦幼健康服務(wù)均等化。到2014年，90%的孕產(chǎn)婦享有基本公共衛(wèi)生服務(wù)。實(shí)施農(nóng)村孕產(chǎn)婦住院分娩補(bǔ)助重大項(xiàng)目，5712萬名農(nóng)村孕產(chǎn)婦受益。全國孕產(chǎn)婦住院分娩率由2000年的72.9%提高到2014年的99.6%，農(nóng)村孕產(chǎn)婦住院分娩率由2000年的65.2%提高到2014年的99.4%。2009年啟動(dòng)實(shí)施農(nóng)村婦女“兩癌”免費(fèi)檢查項(xiàng)目，累計(jì)為4287萬和613萬農(nóng)村婦女分別進(jìn)行了宮頸癌和乳腺癌免費(fèi)檢查，救助貧困患病婦女31077人。實(shí)施預(yù)防艾滋病、梅毒和乙肝母嬰阻斷重大項(xiàng)目，為6053萬名孕產(chǎn)婦進(jìn)行檢查和治療。開展“中國婦女健康行動(dòng)”等不同類型的婦女健康項(xiàng)目，并支持社會組織開展形式多樣的婦女健康促進(jìn)活動(dòng)。
Maternal and child health services have become more equitable and accessible. The state has implemented basic public health service projects and major public health service projects on maternal and child health, doing all it can to improve the systematic management of pregnant and lying-in women, regulate service behavior, improve service quality, and make access to maternal and child health services more equal. By 2014, 90 percent of pregnant and lying-in women had access to basic public health services. The state has implemented major projects to subsidize hospital childbirths for rural pregnant and lying-in women, benefiting 57.12 million. The national hospital birth rate increased from 72.9 percent in 2000 to 99.6 percent in 2014, and the same rate in the countryside grew from 65.2 percent in 2000 to 99.4 percent in 2014. In 2009, the state launched a program of free cervical and breast cancer check-ups for rural women, providing free cervical cancer check-up for 42.87 million and free breast cancer check-up for 6.13 million, in addition to extending medical treatment to 31,077 women having financial difficulties. The state has carried out major projects on AIDS, syphilis and hepatitis B, preventing mother-to-child transmission; 60.53 million pregnant women have benefited from the examination or treatment. It has also held women's health programs such as the Chinese Women's Health Initiative, while extending support to social organizations in organizing various forms of activities promoting women's health.

婦女生殖保健服務(wù)進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)。保障婦女在整個(gè)生命周期享有良好的生殖保健服務(wù)，開展婦女病普查普治，提供青春期保健和老年期保健服務(wù)。落實(shí)計(jì)劃生育免費(fèi)技術(shù)服務(wù)政策，推進(jìn)避孕方法知情選擇，減少非意愿妊娠。持續(xù)打擊和查處非醫(yī)學(xué)需要的胎兒性別鑒定和選擇性別的人工終止妊娠行為。為流動(dòng)?jì)D女提供健康教育、預(yù)防接種、孕產(chǎn)婦保健等基本公共衛(wèi)生服務(wù)，積極推進(jìn)流動(dòng)人口計(jì)劃生育基本公共服務(wù)均等化試點(diǎn)。
Reproductive health services for women have been further strengthened. The state guarantees that women enjoy good reproductive health services throughout the life cycle, such as conducting general surveillance and treatment of gynecological diseases, and providing adolescent and old-age healthcare. It has implemented the policy of free technical services for family planning, promoted informed choice of contraceptive methods and reduced unintentional pregnancies. It has kept investigating and preventing fetal sex identification for non-medical needs and sex-selective pregnancy termination. It has provided health education, vaccination, maternal health care and other basic public health services for women in the floating population, and has launched pilot programs to ensure equal access to family planning and other basic public services by women in the floating population.

婦女健康水平進(jìn)一步提高。婦女平均預(yù)期壽命延長，2010年達(dá)到77.4歲，比2000年提高4.1歲。孕產(chǎn)婦死亡率大幅降低，由1990年的88.8／10萬下降到2014年的21.7／10萬，提前實(shí)現(xiàn)聯(lián)合國千年發(fā)展目標(biāo)。城鄉(xiāng)和地區(qū)間孕產(chǎn)婦死亡率差距進(jìn)一步縮小，孕產(chǎn)婦死亡率城鄉(xiāng)差距由2000年的2.4倍縮小為2014年的1.08倍；2000年西部地區(qū)孕產(chǎn)婦死亡率是東部地區(qū)的5.4倍，2014年縮小到2.6倍。中國被世界衛(wèi)生組織列為婦幼健康高績效的10個(gè)國家之一。
Women's health has further improved. Women's average life expectancy grew to 77.4 years in 2010, an increase of 4.1 years over 2000. The maternal mortality rate has fallen significantly, from 88.8 per 100,000 in 1990 to 21.7 per 100,000 in 2014, meaning that China has achieved the United Nations Millennium Development Goals ahead of time. The gap in maternal mortality rate between urban and rural areas and between different regions has been further narrowed: The rural-urban gap decreased from a factor of 2.4 in 2000 to 1.08 in 2014. In 2000, the maternal mortality rate of western China was 5.4 times that of eastern China; the figure dropped to 2.6 times in 2014. The World Health Organization lists China as one of the 10 countries with high performance in maternal and child health.