近年來(lái)，隨著人們對(duì)健康飲食的關(guān)注，素食主義悄然流行。不過(guò)，有專家指出，純素食也有潛在的健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，加入純素食者行列意味著你要花更多的時(shí)間來(lái)規(guī)劃飲食結(jié)構(gòu)以保證各類營(yíng)養(yǎng)攝入均衡。于是，人們按照各自的理念，衍生出了各種各樣的“素食主義”。

Vegan refers to a strict vegetarian who consumes no animal food or dairy products and who also abstains from using animal products (as leather). Many vegans also do not eat foods that are processed using animal products, such as refined white sugar and some wines.
純素食主義者是指既不吃動(dòng)物食品或奶制品，也不用動(dòng)物制品(例如皮革)的嚴(yán)格素食主義者。許多純素食主義者也不吃通過(guò)精煉白糖、部分酒類等動(dòng)物制品加工而成的食品。

"Flexitarian"(flexible vegetarian) or semi-vegetarian is a term to describe those who eat a mostly vegetarian diet, but occasionally eat meat as a protein supplement.
Flexitarian(彈性素食者)或semi-vegetarian(半素食主義者)是指那些大部分時(shí)間吃素食，偶爾為補(bǔ)充蛋白質(zhì)而攝入一些肉類的素食者。

這類人可能基于健康、道德或信仰，不食用某些肉類，如不食牛、羊、豬等哺乳動(dòng)物的紅肉是最普遍的類型，這些人會(huì)食用部分禽類(poultry)和海鮮(seafood)。

An ovo-lacto vegetarian (or lacto-ovo vegetarian) is a vegetarian who does not eat any meat, fish, or poultry, but includes eggs and dairy products.
Ovo-lacto vegetarian或lacto-ovo vegetarian(奶蛋素食主義者)是不任何吃肉、魚(yú)、禽，但吃雞蛋和奶制品的人。

A pollotarian (aka a pollovegetarian or a pollo-vegetarian) is someone who will not eat the flesh of any red meat mammals, but does include chicken, turkey and other poultry.
白肉(禽肉)素食主義者(亦作pollovegetarian或pollo-vegetarian)指那些不吃任何哺乳類動(dòng)物的紅肉，但食用雞、火雞等禽肉的人。

Pescetarian refers to a person who supplements a vegetarian diet with fish.
魚(yú)素主義者是指吃魚(yú)和素食的人。

fruitarian is someone whose diet includes raw fruits, seeds, and nuts but no vegetables, grains, or animal products.
果素主義者指食用水果、種子和堅(jiān)果，但不吃蔬菜、谷物或動(dòng)物產(chǎn)品的人。

Climatarian means choosing to eat a diet that has minimal impact on the climate, i.e. one that excludes food transported a long way or meat whose production gives rise to CO2 emissions.
氣候素食者(climatarian)指選擇一種對(duì)氣候影響最小的飲食習(xí)慣，比如，不吃那些長(zhǎng)途運(yùn)輸?shù)氖澄铮怀阅切?huì)增加二氧化碳排放的肉食，等等。

其他類型的素食者還包括自由的素食主義(libral vegetarian)。這類人主要是以素食為主，偶爾會(huì)食用肉類。此外，還有苦行式素食主義(ascetic vegetarian)。這類人為堅(jiān)定心中的信念，以苦行的方式進(jìn)行素食，不僅戒蛋，牛奶，甚至戒大豆，食鹽，甘地為其代表人物。奶素主義者(Lacto vegetarian)食用奶類和其相關(guān)產(chǎn)品，如奶酪、奶油或酸奶；而蛋素主義者(Ovo vegetarian)可以接受雞蛋。

其他泛指吃貨的常用說(shuō)法還有：故意減少飲食中肉的攝入量的“忌肉主義者”(reducetarian)；專吃肉、不吃蔬菜的“肉食主義者”(meatatarian)；源自春素主義者(vegan)，現(xiàn)在可以用于指代素食主義者的嚴(yán)格素食者(strict vegetarian)；認(rèn)為魚(yú)、家禽、海鮮、動(dòng)物脂肪、油脂、骨粉和皮膚等也不是肉的“不食肉主義者”(nonmeat-eater)。

(中國(guó)日?qǐng)?bào)網(wǎng)英語(yǔ)點(diǎn)津 丁一)