《中國(guó)的核應(yīng)急》白皮書（劉健 攝）

國(guó)務(wù)院新聞辦公室于2016年1月27日發(fā)表《中國(guó)的核應(yīng)急》白皮書。

以下為《中國(guó)的核應(yīng)急》白皮書雙語(yǔ)全文：

中國(guó)的核應(yīng)急
China's Nuclear Emergency Preparedness

（2016年1月）

中華人民共和國(guó)

國(guó)務(wù)院新聞辦公室

The State Council Information Office of

the People's Republic of China

January 2016

目錄

前言

一、核能發(fā)展與核應(yīng)急基本形勢(shì)

二、核應(yīng)急方針政策

三、核應(yīng)急“一案三制”建設(shè)

四、核應(yīng)急能力建設(shè)與保持

五、核事故應(yīng)對(duì)處置主要措施

六、核應(yīng)急演習(xí)演練、培訓(xùn)與公眾溝通

七、核應(yīng)急科技創(chuàng)新

八、核應(yīng)急國(guó)際合作與交流

結(jié)束語(yǔ)

Contents

Preface

I. Current Situation of Nuclear Energy Development and Nuclear Emergency Preparedness

II. Guidelines and Policies for Nuclear Emergency Preparedness

III. All-round Promotion of Nuclear Emergency Preparedness

IV. Building and Maintenance of Nuclear Emergency Capabilities

V. Main Measures to Cope with Nuclear Accidents

VI. Nuclear Emergency Preparedness Exercises, Drills, Training and Public Communication

VII. Scientific and Technological Innovations in Nuclear Emergency Preparedness

VIII. International Cooperation and Exchanges in the Field of Nuclear Emergency Preparedness

Conclusion

前言
Preface

原子的發(fā)現(xiàn)和核能的開發(fā)利用給人類社會(huì)發(fā)展帶來新的動(dòng)力，極大增強(qiáng)人類認(rèn)識(shí)世界和改造世界的能力。核能發(fā)展伴隨著核安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和挑戰(zhàn)。人類要更好利用核能、實(shí)現(xiàn)更大發(fā)展，必須創(chuàng)新核技術(shù)、確保核安全、做好核應(yīng)急。核安全是核能事業(yè)持續(xù)健康發(fā)展的生命線，核應(yīng)急是核能事業(yè)持續(xù)健康發(fā)展的重要保障。
The discovery of the atom and the subsequent development and utilization of nuclear energy gave a new impetus to the progress of humanity and greatly enhanced mankind's ability to understand and shape the world. Yet, the development of nuclear energy has associated risks and challenges. For mankind to better utilize nuclear energy and achieve even greater progress, it is necessary to make innovations in nuclear technologies, ensure nuclear safety and do well in nuclear emergency preparedness. While nuclear safety constitutes a lifeline for the sustained and healthy development of nuclear energy, nuclear emergency preparedness serves as an important safeguard for its sustained and healthy development.

核應(yīng)急是為了控制核事故、緩解核事故、減輕核事故后果而采取的不同于正常秩序和正常工作程序的緊急行為，是政府主導(dǎo)、企業(yè)配合、各方協(xié)同、統(tǒng)一開展的應(yīng)急行動(dòng)。核應(yīng)急事關(guān)重大、涉及全局，對(duì)于保護(hù)公眾、保護(hù)環(huán)境、保障社會(huì)穩(wěn)定、維護(hù)國(guó)家安全具有重要意義。
Nuclear emergency preparedness denotes the emergency actions taken to control, contain and mitigate a nuclear accident, and to minimize the consequences of such accidents, which are different from the normal order and working procedure. They are emergency response actions guided by the government, assisted by the relevant enterprises, coordinated among all the involved parties and implemented in a unified manner. Nuclear emergency preparedness is of paramount importance and bears on the overall situation, and is therefore of critical significance to the protection of the general public, the environment and social stability as well as safeguarding national security.

中國(guó)始終把核安全放在和平利用核能事業(yè)首要位置，堅(jiān)持總體國(guó)家安全觀，倡導(dǎo)理性、協(xié)調(diào)、并進(jìn)的核安全觀，秉持為發(fā)展求安全、以安全促發(fā)展的理念，始終追求發(fā)展和安全兩個(gè)目標(biāo)有機(jī)融合。半個(gè)多世紀(jì)以來，中國(guó)人民奮發(fā)圖強(qiáng)、歷盡艱辛，創(chuàng)建發(fā)展核能事業(yè)并取得輝煌成就。同時(shí)，不斷改進(jìn)核安全技術(shù)，實(shí)施嚴(yán)格的核安全監(jiān)管，加強(qiáng)核應(yīng)急管理，核能事業(yè)始終保持良好安全記錄。
China has consistently given top priority to nuclear safety in its peaceful use of nuclear energy, and has persisted in an overall national security concept by advocating a rational, coordinated and balanced nuclear safety outlook. China has followed the approach of enhancing safety for the sake of development and promoting development by upholding safety in an unrelenting effort to bring the dual goals of development and safety in alignment with each other. In the past six decades or so, the Chinese people have been working with stamina and diligence in the pursuit of nuclear energy utilization, with splendid achievements. At the same time, the Chinese people have been sparing no effort to improve nuclear safety techniques, enforce rigorous nuclear safety supervision, strengthen nuclear emergency management and ensure that nuclear energy has always maintained a sound safety record.

核事故影響無國(guó)界，核應(yīng)急管理無小事?？偨Y(jié)三哩島核事故、切爾諾貝利核事故、福島核事故的教訓(xùn)，中國(guó)更加深刻認(rèn)識(shí)到核應(yīng)急的極端重要性，持續(xù)加強(qiáng)和改進(jìn)核應(yīng)急準(zhǔn)備與響應(yīng)工作，不斷提升中國(guó)核安全保障水平。中國(guó)在核應(yīng)急法律法規(guī)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)建設(shè)、體制機(jī)制建設(shè)、基礎(chǔ)能力建設(shè)、專業(yè)人才培養(yǎng)、演習(xí)演練、公眾溝通、國(guó)際合作與交流等方面取得巨大進(jìn)步，既為自身核能事業(yè)發(fā)展提供堅(jiān)強(qiáng)保障，也為推動(dòng)建立公平、開放、合作、共贏的國(guó)際核安全應(yīng)急體系，促進(jìn)人類共享核能發(fā)展成果作出積極貢獻(xiàn)。
Nuclear accidents know no national boundaries, and everything related to nuclear emergency management is too important to be taken lightly. Drawing on the lessons learned from the Three Mile Island, Chernobyl and Fukushima nuclear accidents, China has come to a profound understanding of the utmost importance of nuclear emergencies, and the need to continuously strengthen and improve nuclear emergency preparedness and responses with a view to constantly enhancing the nuclear safety safeguard level. China has made great strides in a full range of nuclear emergency-related activities, including the enactment of regulations, codes and standards, the establishment of institutional and regulatory regimes, the building-up of basic capabilities, the fostering of professional personnel, related exercises and drills, public communication, and international cooperation and exchanges. This has not only provided a robust safeguard for China's own nuclear energy development, but also contributed actively to the promotion of a fair, open, collaborative and mutually beneficial international nuclear safety emergency framework and mankind's sharing of nuclear energy development achievements.

一、核能發(fā)展與核應(yīng)急基本形勢(shì)
I. Current Situation of Nuclear Energy Development and Nuclear Emergency Preparedness

20世紀(jì)50年代中期，中國(guó)創(chuàng)建核工業(yè)。60多年來，中國(guó)致力于和平利用核能事業(yè)，發(fā)展推動(dòng)核技術(shù)在工業(yè)、農(nóng)業(yè)、醫(yī)學(xué)、環(huán)境、能源等領(lǐng)域廣泛應(yīng)用。特別是改革開放以來，中國(guó)核能事業(yè)得到更大發(fā)展。
It was in the mid-1950s that China embarked on its nuclear industry. Over the past more than six decades China has made constant endeavors in the peaceful use of nuclear energy by promoting the extensive application of nuclear technologies to such areas as industry, agriculture, medicine, the environment and energy. In particular, since the introduction of the reform and opening-up policies in late 1978 China's nuclear energy sector has seen particularly rapid development.

發(fā)展核電是中國(guó)核能事業(yè)的重要組成部分。核電是一種清潔、高效、優(yōu)質(zhì)的現(xiàn)代能源。中國(guó)堅(jiān)持發(fā)展與安全并重原則，執(zhí)行安全高效發(fā)展核電政策，采用最先進(jìn)的技術(shù)、最嚴(yán)格的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)發(fā)展核電。1985年3月，中國(guó)大陸第一座核電站——秦山核電站破土動(dòng)工。截至2015年10月底，中國(guó)大陸運(yùn)行核電機(jī)組27臺(tái)，總裝機(jī)容量2550萬(wàn)千瓦；在建核電機(jī)組25臺(tái)，總裝機(jī)容量2751萬(wàn)千瓦。中國(guó)開發(fā)出具有自主知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的大型先進(jìn)壓水堆、高溫氣冷堆核電技術(shù)。“華龍一號(hào)”核電技術(shù)示范工程投入建設(shè)。中國(guó)實(shí)驗(yàn)快堆實(shí)現(xiàn)滿功率穩(wěn)定運(yùn)行72小時(shí)，標(biāo)志著已經(jīng)掌握快堆關(guān)鍵技術(shù)。
The development of nuclear power constitutes an important component of China's nuclear energy sector. Nuclear power is a clean, efficient and quality modern energy source. China has consistently adhered to the principle of placing equal emphasis on development and safety, and implemented the policy of developing nuclear power in a safe and efficient manner by adopting the most advanced technology and most stringent standards. In March 1985 construction started on the Qinshan Nuclear Power Station, the first of its kind in the mainland of China. As of the end of October 2015, in the mainland of China 27 nuclear generating units had been in operation, with a total installed capacity of 25.50 GWe, and another 25 nuclear generating units with a total installed capacity of 27.51 GWe had been under construction. China has already developed its large-sized advanced Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) and High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor (HTGR) technologies with proprietary intellectual property rights. Construction of the HPR1000 technology pilot project has already commenced. The China Experimental Fast Reactor (CEFR) has achieved full power operation over 72 hours, signifying that China has already mastered the core technology associated with fast reactors.

伴隨著核能事業(yè)的發(fā)展，核安全與核應(yīng)急同步得到加強(qiáng)。中國(guó)的核設(shè)施、核活動(dòng)始終保持安全穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)，特別是核電安全水平不斷提高。中國(guó)大陸所有運(yùn)行核電機(jī)組未發(fā)生過國(guó)際核與輻射事件分級(jí)表二級(jí)以上事件和事故，氣態(tài)和液態(tài)流出物排放遠(yuǎn)低于國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)限值。在建核電機(jī)組質(zhì)量保證、安全監(jiān)管、應(yīng)急準(zhǔn)備體系完整。
With the development of the nuclear energy sector, nuclear safety and nuclear emergency work have seen steady synchronous reinforcement. China's nuclear facilities and nuclear activities have all along been in safe and stable state and, in particular, the safety level of nuclear power stations has witnessed constant improvement. None of the nuclear power generating units in China's mainland has suffered events or accidents rated above Level 2 under the International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES), with the release of gaseous and liquid effluents kept far below the national regulatory limits. All of the under-construction nuclear power generating units have intact quality assurance, safety supervision and emergency preparedness systems.

中國(guó)高度重視核應(yīng)急，始終以對(duì)人民安全和社會(huì)安全高度負(fù)責(zé)的態(tài)度強(qiáng)化核應(yīng)急管理。早在作出發(fā)展核電決策之時(shí)就同步部署安排核應(yīng)急工作。切爾諾貝利核事故發(fā)生后，中國(guó)明確表示發(fā)展核電方針不變，強(qiáng)調(diào)必須做好核應(yīng)急準(zhǔn)備，1986年即開展國(guó)家核應(yīng)急工作。1991年，成立國(guó)家核事故應(yīng)急委員會(huì)，統(tǒng)籌協(xié)調(diào)全國(guó)核事故應(yīng)急準(zhǔn)備和救援工作。1993年，發(fā)布《核電廠核事故應(yīng)急管理?xiàng)l例》，對(duì)核應(yīng)急作出基本規(guī)范。1997年，發(fā)布第一部《國(guó)家核應(yīng)急計(jì)劃（預(yù)案）》，對(duì)核應(yīng)急準(zhǔn)備與響應(yīng)作出部署，之后，為適應(yīng)核能發(fā)展需要，多次進(jìn)行修訂形成《國(guó)家核應(yīng)急預(yù)案》。目前，中國(guó)核應(yīng)急管理與準(zhǔn)備工作的體系化、專業(yè)化、規(guī)范化、科學(xué)化水平全面提升。
China has always attached great importance to nuclear emergency work by taking a highly responsible attitude toward the safety of the people and society as a whole in enforcing nuclear emergency management. Arrangements have been made for nuclear emergency work in tandem with the decision taken to proceed with nuclear power development. In the wake of the Chernobyl accident, China made it clear that there would be no change in its nuclear power development policy, while stressing that a good job would be done on nuclear emergency preparedness ― with the result that national nuclear emergency work got off the ground in 1986. In 1991 the National Nuclear Accident Emergency Committee was inaugurated and commissioned to make overall planning and coordinate nuclear accident emergency preparations and rescue work nationwide. In 1993 China promulgated the Regulations on Emergency Measures for Nuclear Accidents at Nuclear Power Plants to formalize nuclear emergency by regulatory means. In 1997 the first National Nuclear Emergency Plan (Scenario) was issued to lay out arrangements for nuclear emergency preparations and response in the form of a governmental decision. To cater to the needs of nuclear power development, multiple revisions have since been made to the original Plan and the latest version of National Nuclear Emergency Plan has been enacted. At present, China's nuclear emergency management and preparations have seen comprehensive upgrades in terms of system, specialization, standards and scientific rigor.

按照中國(guó)核電中長(zhǎng)期發(fā)展規(guī)劃目標(biāo)，到2020年，中國(guó)大陸運(yùn)行核電裝機(jī)容量將達(dá)到5800萬(wàn)千瓦，在建3000萬(wàn)千瓦左右；到2030年，力爭(zhēng)形成能夠體現(xiàn)世界核電發(fā)展方向的科技研發(fā)體系和配套工業(yè)體系，核電技術(shù)裝備在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)占據(jù)相當(dāng)份額，全面實(shí)現(xiàn)建設(shè)核電強(qiáng)國(guó)目標(biāo)。面對(duì)核能事業(yè)發(fā)展新形勢(shì)新挑戰(zhàn)，中國(guó)核應(yīng)急在技術(shù)、裝備、人才、能力、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等方面還存在一定不足，這也是其他國(guó)家在開發(fā)利用核能進(jìn)程中面臨的共同課題。中國(guó)將通過理念創(chuàng)新、科技創(chuàng)新、管理創(chuàng)新，不斷強(qiáng)化國(guó)家核應(yīng)急管理，把核應(yīng)急提高到新水平。
Under China's medium- and long-term development objectives, by 2020 the in-operation nuclear power installed capacity will reach 58 GWe in the mainland of China plus an additional 30 GWe approximately under construction. By 2030 endeavors will have been made to put into place science and technology R&D systems along with their associated industrial systems representing the global development trends of nuclear power, and to ensure that nuclear power technologies and equipment will take up a substantial share in the international market, thereby meeting the target of building a strong nuclear power country. Faced with the new situation, new challenges and new requirements, China is still confronted with shortfalls in nuclear emergency work in terms of technology, equipment, needed professionals, capacity and standards, which are the same problems encountered by other countries in developing nuclear energy. China will seek to reinforce national nuclear emergency management and raise its nuclear emergency work to a new level through idea innovation, scientific and technological innovation, and management innovation.

二、核應(yīng)急方針政策
II. Guidelines and Policies for Nuclear Emergency Preparedness

中國(guó)是發(fā)展中大國(guó)，在發(fā)展核能進(jìn)程中，通過制定法律、行政法規(guī)和發(fā)布政令等方式，確定核應(yīng)急基本方針政策。
As a large developing country, China has laid down basic guidelines and policies applicable to nuclear emergency preparedness through enactment of laws, administrative regulations and issuance of government decrees in the course of nuclear energy development.

中國(guó)核應(yīng)急基本目標(biāo)是：依法科學(xué)統(tǒng)一、及時(shí)有效應(yīng)對(duì)處置核事故，最大程度控制、緩解或消除事故，減輕事故造成的人員傷亡和財(cái)產(chǎn)損失，保護(hù)公眾，保護(hù)環(huán)境，維護(hù)社會(huì)秩序，保障人民安全和國(guó)家安全。
The basic objectives of nuclear emergency preparedness in China are: scientific coordination according to law, timely and effectively coping with nuclear accidents, maximally controlling/mitigating or eliminating accidents, minimizing human casualties/fatalities and property damages, protecting the public and the environment, maintaining social order and safeguarding the people's safety and national security.

中國(guó)核應(yīng)急基本方針是：常備不懈、積極兼容，統(tǒng)一指揮、大力協(xié)同，保護(hù)公眾、保護(hù)環(huán)境。
The basic policy of nuclear emergency management in China is: constant vigilance, versatile compatibility, unified command, active coordination, public safeguard and environmental protection.

——常備不懈、積極兼容。各級(jí)核應(yīng)急組織以“養(yǎng)兵千日，用兵一時(shí)”的態(tài)度，充分準(zhǔn)備，隨時(shí)應(yīng)對(duì)可能發(fā)生的核事故。建立健全專兼配合、資源整合、平戰(zhàn)結(jié)合、軍民融合的核應(yīng)急準(zhǔn)備與響應(yīng)體系。核應(yīng)急與其他工作統(tǒng)籌規(guī)劃、統(tǒng)籌部署、兼容實(shí)施。
― Constant vigilance, versatile compatibility. Nuclear emergency organizations at all levels should stay alert and vigilant at all times in readiness to respond to possible nuclear accidents at any time. A nuclear emergency preparation and response system featuring coordination of dedicated and standby systems, rational deployment of resources, combination of routine exercises and actual emergency response, and integration of civilian and military resources is to be established and perfected. Nuclear emergency work must be planned and deployed in an overall manner together with other activities and implemented compatibly with them.

——統(tǒng)一指揮、大力協(xié)同。核設(shè)施營(yíng)運(yùn)單位統(tǒng)一協(xié)調(diào)指揮場(chǎng)內(nèi)核事故應(yīng)急響應(yīng)行動(dòng)，各級(jí)政府統(tǒng)一協(xié)調(diào)指揮本級(jí)管轄區(qū)域內(nèi)核事故應(yīng)急響應(yīng)行動(dòng)。在政府統(tǒng)一組織指揮下，核應(yīng)急組織、相關(guān)部門、相關(guān)企業(yè)、專業(yè)力量、社會(huì)組織以及軍隊(duì)救援力量等協(xié)同配合，共同完成核事故應(yīng)急響應(yīng)行動(dòng)。
― Unified command, active coordination. Operators of nuclear installations shall coordinate and direct on-site nuclear accident emergency response actions in a unified manner, and governments at all levels shall coordinate and direct nuclear accident emergency response actions within their respective jurisdictions in a unified manner. Under the unified organization and direction of the government, nuclear emergency organizations, relevant departments, relevant enterprises, professional teams, social organizations and military rescue units shall work in coordination with one another in a joint effort to complete nuclear accident emergency response actions.

——保護(hù)公眾、保護(hù)環(huán)境。把保護(hù)公眾作為核應(yīng)急的根本宗旨，以一切為了人民的態(tài)度和行動(dòng)應(yīng)對(duì)處置核事故。把保護(hù)環(huán)境作為核應(yīng)急的根本要求，盡可能把核事故造成的放射性物質(zhì)釋放降到最小，最大程度控制、減輕或消除對(duì)環(huán)境的危害。
― Public safeguard and environmental protection. Public safeguard constitutes the fundamental objective of nuclear emergency preparedness, and it is incumbent upon us to take the attitude and actions that everything is for the people in coping with nuclear accidents. Environmental protection should be viewed as the fundamental requirement of nuclear emergency preparedness in such a way that every effort is made to minimize the release of radioactive substances and do our best to control, mitigate and eliminate damages to the environment.

中國(guó)核應(yīng)急基本原則是：統(tǒng)一領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、分級(jí)負(fù)責(zé)，條塊結(jié)合、軍地協(xié)同，快速反應(yīng)、科學(xué)處置。
The basic principles underlying nuclear emergency preparedness in China are: unified leadership, different levels of responsibility, tiered arrangements, coordination between the locality and the military, quick response, and scientific handling.

——統(tǒng)一領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、分級(jí)負(fù)責(zé)。在中央政府統(tǒng)一領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，中國(guó)建立分級(jí)負(fù)責(zé)的核應(yīng)急管理體系。核設(shè)施營(yíng)運(yùn)單位是核事故場(chǎng)內(nèi)應(yīng)急工作責(zé)任主體。省級(jí)人民政府是本行政區(qū)域核事故場(chǎng)外應(yīng)急工作責(zé)任主體。
― Unified leadership, different levels of responsibility. Under the unified leadership of the central government, China has established a nuclear emergency management system featuring assignment of responsibility to different levels. The operator of the relevant nuclear installation is the major body of accountability for on-site emergency work. The people's government at the provincial level is the major body of accountability for off-site emergency activities in its jurisdiction.

——條塊結(jié)合、軍地協(xié)同。核應(yīng)急涉及中央與地方、軍隊(duì)與政府、場(chǎng)內(nèi)與場(chǎng)外、專業(yè)技術(shù)與社會(huì)管理等方面，必須堅(jiān)持統(tǒng)籌兼顧、相互配合、大力協(xié)同、綜合施救。
― Tiered arrangements, coordination between the locality and the military. Nuclear emergency involves the central and the local, the military and the government, on-site and off-site, specialized techniques and social administration. Therefore, it is necessary to uphold the principles of uniform deployment and centralized planning, mutual support, mutual coordination, and comprehensive rescue at all times.

——快速反應(yīng)、科學(xué)處置。核事故發(fā)生后，各級(jí)核應(yīng)急組織及早介入，迅速控制緩解事故，減輕對(duì)公眾和環(huán)境的影響。遵循應(yīng)對(duì)處置核事故特點(diǎn)規(guī)律，組織開展分析研判，科學(xué)決策，有效實(shí)施輻射監(jiān)測(cè)、工程搶險(xiǎn)、去污洗消、輻射防護(hù)、醫(yī)學(xué)救援等響應(yīng)行動(dòng)。
― Quick response, scientific handling. When a nuclear accident occurs, all levels of nuclear emergency organizations shall be mobilized at the earliest possible time to rapidly control and mitigate the accident to minimize any impact on the public and the environment. Every effort shall be made to take into account the characteristics and rules applicable to nuclear accidents as the basis for organizing studies and evaluations to enable scientific decision-making, and enforce a full range of response actions in an effective manner, including radiation monitoring, worksite rescue, decontamination and cleansing, radiation protection and medical treatment, and so forth.