通過(guò)活組織檢測(cè)診斷癌癥的方法十分痛苦且存在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。近日，加利福尼亞大學(xué)圣地亞哥分校的研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，被癌癥殺死的正常細(xì)胞會(huì)將DNA釋放到血液中，這些DNA有其獨(dú)特的特征。通過(guò)識(shí)別這些DNA信號(hào)，不用開(kāi)刀就可以簡(jiǎn)單迅速地判斷出腫瘤生長(zhǎng)的位置。

A blood test for cancer can now show where in the body a tumour is growing, without the need for a painful biopsy.
一種癌癥的血液檢測(cè)方法可以測(cè)出腫瘤在體內(nèi)生長(zhǎng)的位置，而不需要進(jìn)行活組織檢測(cè)。

'Liquid biopsies' are hoped to revolutionise cancer treatment, by identifying people with slow-growing tumours and those most in danger. They work by detecting the DNA released by dying tumour cells.
人們希望通過(guò)“血液活檢”發(fā)現(xiàn)人體內(nèi)的慢性腫瘤和最危險(xiǎn)的腫瘤，從而徹底改變癌癥的治療方式。其原理是檢測(cè)死亡腫瘤細(xì)胞釋放的DNA。

Now, for the first time, US scientists can also pinpoint the part of the body affected.
現(xiàn)在，美國(guó)科學(xué)家還首次實(shí)現(xiàn)精準(zhǔn)定位患病的部位。

That is because the normal cells killed off by cancer also release DNA into the bloodstream, which has its own unique signature.
這是因?yàn)楸话┌Y殺死的正常細(xì)胞也會(huì)將DNA釋放到血液中，這些DNA有其獨(dú)特的特征。

A team from the University of California San Diego have found the DNA patterns for 10 different types of tissue, including from the liver, lung and kidneys.
加利福尼亞大學(xué)圣地亞哥分校的一個(gè)研究小組發(fā)現(xiàn)了肝、肺、腎等10種不同人體組織的DNA模式。

It means cancer patients who have symptoms shared across different types of cancer, such as bloating or sudden weight loss, could in future be diagnosed quickly and easily without needing a biopsy to remove part of an organ for testing.
這意味著未來(lái)人們可以簡(jiǎn)單快速確診出現(xiàn)腹脹、體重驟減等癌癥一般癥狀的病患，而無(wú)需切除器官的一部分用來(lái)進(jìn)行活組織檢測(cè)。

Dr Catherine Pickworth, Cancer Research UK's science information officer, said: 'A biopsy can be invasive and unpleasant to go through, while any operation with an anaesthetic is risky.
英國(guó)癌癥研究所科學(xué)信息主任凱瑟琳?皮克沃思博士稱：“開(kāi)刀進(jìn)行活組織檢測(cè)是有創(chuàng)的，而任何使用麻醉劑的手術(shù)都是有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的。

This is potentially safer if it can be effective, which is why people are focusing on liquid biopsies.
如果血液檢測(cè)有效，那么這種方法會(huì)更安全，這也正是人們關(guān)注血液活檢的原因。

Finding new ways to detect and treat cancer at an early stage is vital to help more people survive the disease. Looking for the DNA of cancer cells in the blood is an exciting idea, and this encouraging new approach might help reveal the location of tumours. '
尋找在初期檢測(cè)和治療癌癥的新方法對(duì)拯救更多的癌癥患者至關(guān)重要。尋找血液中的癌細(xì)胞DNA是一個(gè)激動(dòng)人心的想法，而且這種新方法可能有助于揭示腫瘤的位置。”

The US researchers, whose study is published in Nature Genetics, analysed samples of tumours and blood samples from cancer patients to find markers for different organs in the blood.
美國(guó)研究人員分析了癌癥患者的腫瘤樣本和血液樣本，從而找出血液中不同器官的標(biāo)記。他們將研究成果發(fā)表在了《自然遺傳學(xué)》雜志上。

They created a DNA database for the liver, intestine, colon, lung, brain, kidney, pancreas, spleen, stomach and blood.
研究人員創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)肝臟、腸道、結(jié)腸、肺、腦、腎、胰腺、脾、胃以及血液的DNA數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。

Now the bioengineers know the normal cells, killed off when tumour cells compete with them for space and nutrients, also release a DNA signature, called CpG methylation haplotypes.
現(xiàn)在，這些生物工程師們發(fā)現(xiàn)在與腫瘤細(xì)胞爭(zhēng)奪空間及營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)時(shí)被殺死的正常細(xì)胞也釋放一種DNA信號(hào)，叫做CpG甲基化單體。

They were able to test which organ they came from by checking their diagnoses back against the cancer patients.
他們可以通過(guò)對(duì)比癌癥患者之前的診斷檢測(cè)出這些細(xì)胞來(lái)自哪個(gè)器官。

The researchers screened blood samples from individuals with and without tumours, looking for signals of the cancer markers and the tissue-specific methylation patterns.
研究人員通過(guò)檢測(cè)患有癌癥和健康的個(gè)體的血液樣本，尋找腫瘤標(biāo)志物的信號(hào)以及組織特異的甲基化模式。

The test works like a dual authentication process, with the combination of both signals required to assign a positive match.
這個(gè)測(cè)試就像是一個(gè)雙重認(rèn)證過(guò)程，兩種信號(hào)的組合需要正向匹配。

The author added: 'This a proof of concept. To move this research to the clinical stage, we need to work with oncologists to further optimise and refine this method.'
研究作者稱：“這還是概念驗(yàn)證。要將該研究應(yīng)用于臨床，我們需要和腫瘤專家進(jìn)一步完善和優(yōu)化這個(gè)方法。”

英文來(lái)源：每日郵報(bào)
翻譯&編輯：董靜
審校：yaning