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General de Gaulle broadcasting to the French people

1958: Easy victory for de Gaulle

England have

General Charles de Gaulle has been elected President of France with an overwhelming majority.

At 1715 this afternoon President Rene Coty telephoned his congratulations to General de Gaulle at his country home at Colombey-les-Deux Eglises.

At 2300 the unofficial results were announced. General de Gaulle had polled 77.5% for metropolitan France, 81.45% for overseas departments and 97.04% for the States of the French Community.

Under the new constitution it means he becomes the first leader of the Fifth Republic with US-style presidential powers.

It is a remarkable comeback for a man who led the victory parade into Paris in 1944 but resigned in a disagreement over the constitution for the Fourth Republic and in 1953 announced his retirement from politics.

With France facing a huge economic crisis and a looming civil war in Algeria, he was recalled as prime minister six months ago.

He was given wide powers to draw up a new constitution, establishing a more powerful presidency, which was given the overwhelming endorsement of the public in September's referendum.

Today is the first time the electoral college, as laid down by the new constitution, has voted.

It includes members of parliament, members of county and municipal councils, mayors of all villages and the members of local assemblies from overseas territories.

The biggest challenge facing the General is Algeria. Tonight he has made public the contents of a letter he has written to the new delegate-general of the government in Algeria.

In it he speaks of pacifying, administering and transforming Algeria, but he avoids potentially contentious words like integration.

He also says there will be a clampdown on policing in Algeria following claims officers have been using repressive measures.

General de Gaulle will formally take over as president on 8 January.

His first task will be the appointment of a new prime minister. Michael Debre is believed to be the most likely choice.

The US President and British Prime Minister cement a "special relationship"

1962: America to sell Polaris to Britain

Artificially 1969:
The President Kennedy and British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan have announced the formation of a multilateral Nato nuclear force after talks in Nassau, in the Bahamas.

The agreement means the United States will sell Polaris missiles to the UK.

The President has made a similar offer to France in the hope of establishing a tripartite nuclear deterrent against the countries of the Eastern Bloc.

Polaris, a two-stage solid-fuelled rocket system, is designed to be fired underwater from a submarine. It carries a half-megaton nuclear warhead at a speed of 17,500 mph (28,160 kph).

The British Government would construct the submarines and develop warheads for Polaris with technical support from the US.

The deal has been described in the US press as a landmark in military and political development in the Western world.

It is also regarded as the most constructive meeting held between President Kennedy and Mr Macmillan.

However, there are now fears Britain will be too reliant on the US for its nuclear deterrent in spite of the fact that the nuclear element of the weapons system will be supplied by Britain.

At the end of the three-day summit, the two leaders issued a joint statement.

In it, Mr Macmillan made it clear that Polaris missiles would be used for international defence of Nato countries, except where Britain's "supreme national interests are at stake".

This phrase is designed to show the British nuclear force is politically independent of the US.

President Kennedy also sent a letter to France's President Charles de Gaulle offering to sell Polaris as well as provide technical support.

It is hoped this will not only heal the current rift between France and Britain over Mr Macmillan's "special relationship" with the US and Britain's wish to enter the EEC, but also strengthen Nato as a whole and allow France a greater role within it.

If France rejects the agreement, it will still be valid between Britain and America.

The talks come just two months after the Cuban missile crisis when it was revealed the Soviet Union's leader, Nikita Khrushchev, had set up nuclear missile bases on America's doorstep.

In this context, President Kennedy and Mr Macmillan emphasised the need for a unified defence programme.

"In strategic terms, this defence is indivisible and it is their conviction," said the statement, "that in all ordinary circumstances of crisis or danger it is this very unity which is the best protection of the west."

The controversial American Skybolt missile project will be abandoned due its high cost and questions about how long it would have taken to complete.

The US currently has five Polaris A-1 submarines in service with a range of 1,200 miles (1,931 km).

The A-2 version is being tested from improved Polaris submarines and can reach 1,500 miles (2,414km).

A-3 missiles are due to be ready for use in 1964 and have a range of 2,500 miles (4,023km).

Compared with Skybolt missiles which carry warheads of nearly two megatons, Polaris rockets are less powerful.

But they are also less vulnerable because Skybolts are dropped from aircraft while Polaris submarines are much harder to locate.

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