国产av不卡一区二区_欧美xxxx做受欧美_成年人看的毛片_亚洲第一天堂在线观看_亚洲午夜精品久久久中文影院av_8x8ⅹ国产精品一区二区二区_久久精品国产sm调教网站演员_亚洲av综合色区无码一二三区_成人免费激情视频_国产九九九视频

英國阿伯里斯特威斯大學的研究人員表示，被世人仰慕的文學巨匠莎士比亞其實還有不為人知的一面：他曾是一個“無良商人”，而且還是逃稅份子。研究人員查閱文檔后發現，莎士比亞曾是一個有錢的地主，在歐洲饑荒期間他曾以高價出售囤積的糧食，且因逃稅而屢次被告上法庭。研究人員稱，莎士比亞盡其所能“逃避稅收，從別人的消費中將個人收益最大化，在創作有關弱勢人群的文學作品的同時搜刮他們的錢財。”研究人員指出，因為當時沒有版權概念，莎士比亞完全沒有意識到自己的作品也能帶來收入；通過合法和非法的商業活動，到1613年莎士比亞已是當地最大的地主，并在當年宣布退休，而他的工作生涯僅為24年。

William Shakespeare was a 'ruthless businessman' and tax dodger, researchers have claimed.

It sounds like the sort of character who would have been deeply unpopular in one of his plays.

William Shakespeare was a 'ruthless businessman' and tax dodger, researchers have claimed.

Although he wrote plays that championed the rights of the poor and the needy, archived documents show the playwright was actually a wealthy landowner repeatedly dragged before the courts and fined for illegally stockpiling food and threatened with jail for evading taxes.

He 'stored grain, malt and barley for resale at inflated prices to neighbours and local tradesmen' at a time when Europe was suffering famines, the academics said, and channelled the profits into land purchases.

They added that Shakespeare did all he could to 'avoid taxes, maximise profits at others' expense and exploit the vulnerable – while writing plays about their plight'.

And his approach of 'combining both illegal and legal activities' meant he could retire after a working life of only 24 years.

Researchers at Aberystwyth University carried out an academic study looking into Shakespeare's 'other life' as one of Warwickshire's biggest landowners and have uncovered the less than savoury side to Britain's greatest playwright.

The allegation he exploited famine has also led to suggestions that his Coriolanus, for years regarded as a plea for the starving poor, was in fact his way of trying to expunge a guilty conscience.

Jayne Archer, a researcher in Renaissance literature at Aberystwyth University, said in the Sunday Times: 'There was another side to Shakespeare besides the brilliant playwright — as a ruthless businessman who did all he could to avoid taxes, maximise profits at others' expense and exploit the vulnerable — while also writing plays about their plight to entertain them.

'Shakespeare is remembered as a playwright, but there was no copyright then and no sense that his plays could generate future income.

'That drove him to dodge taxes, illegally hoard [food] and act as a money-lender.

'He had two surviving daughters and would have seen himself as providing for them, but he was acting illegally and undermining the government's attempts to feed people.'

Coriolanus depicts a famine created and exploited by rich merchants and politicians to maximise the price of food and includes the lines: 'They ne'er cared for us yet: suffer us to famish, and their store-houses crammed with grain.'

It has now emerged that as Shakespeare wrote the play at the height of the 1607 food riots, he was himself hoarding grain.

As one of the biggest landowners in Warwickshire, he was ideally placed to push prices up and then sell at the top of the market.

Ms Archer worked with Richard Marggraf Turley, a professor in the department, and Howard Thomas, a professor of plant science, to study Shakespeare's life as a businessman and owner of arable farmland and pasture at a time when Europe was suffering famines.

They found documents in the court and tax archives showing he was repeatedly dragged before the courts and fined for illegally stockpiling food and was threatened with jail for evading tax payments.

In a paper, the academics wrote: 'Over a 15-year period Shakespeare purchased and stored grain, malt and barley for resale at inflated prices to neighbours and local tradesmen.

'In February 1598 he was prosecuted for holding 80 bushels of malt or corn during a time of shortage. He pursued those who could not pay him in full for these staples and used the profits to further his own money-lending activities ...

'Profits were channelled into land purchases. He also acquired tithes on local produce, including "corn, grain and hay", allowing him to cream off the profits from others' manual work.

'By combining both illegal and legal activities, Shakespeare was able to retire in 1613 as the largest property owner in his home town, Stratford-upon-Avon. His profits — minus a few fines for illegal hoarding and tax evasion — meant he had a working life of just 24 years.'

Shakespeare's experience as a rich landowner at a time of famine may be reflected in plays such as King Lear, which depicts an ageing monarch trying to divide his lands, and the food they produce, between his daughters.

Professor Jonathan Bate, the Shakespeare scholar and provost of Worcester College, Oxford, said Archer and her colleagues had performed a valuable service in setting Shakespeare's work in the context of the famines and food shortages of the period.

(Source: dailymail.co.uk)

相關閱讀

Shakespeare the Man 莎士比亞其人

牛津學者：莎翁“第二只手”找到了！

英發掘莎翁故居垃圾坑 探究大師生活點滴

莎翁戲劇長詩雋語中您最愛哪句？

（中國日報網英語點津 Helen ）