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研究發現，壞老板的粗暴會傳染他人，甚至讓一整個團隊的人都變得惡毒。

研究人員指出，沖著員工吼叫、向員工發送侮辱郵件的老板不僅會影響員工的態度和行為，還會讓團隊里的成員都用同樣敵意的方式對待彼此。

壞老板傷害的不僅是個體員工，更糟的是，他會營造出一個讓大家都備受煎熬的工作氛圍。

此外，直接遭受老板虐待的員工會缺少自我價值感，對團隊的貢獻也會變少。

Bosses who shout and send demeaning emails to employees can cause conflict throughout their team, researchers have claimed.

They say the abuse is 'toxic' and can spread through the workplace.

This leads to everybody suffering, they concluded.

The Michigan State University study, conducted in China and the United States, suggests the toxic effect of nonphysical abuse by a boss is much broader than believed.

Published online in the Journal of Applied Psychology, author Crystal Farh said supervisors who belittle and ridicule workers not only negatively affect those workers' attitudes and behaviors, but also cause team members to act in a similar hostile manner toward one another.

'That's the most disturbing finding because it's not just about individual victims now, it's about creating a context where everybody suffers, regardless of whether you were individually abused or not,' she said.

Farh, assistant professor of management in MSU's Broad College of Business, said the findings could likely be explained by social learning theory, in which people learn and then model behavior based on observing others, in this case the boss.

Previous research has shown that workers emulate supervisors' positive behaviors, she said, so it only makes sense they would follow negative behaviors as well.

For the study, Farh and Zhijun Chen from the University of Western Australia studied 51 teams of employees from 10 firms in China.

Average team size was about six workers and the teams performed a variety of functions including customer service, technical support and research and development.

The study looked at nonphysical abuse such as verbal mistreatment and demeaning emails. Employees who directly experienced such abuse felt devalued and contributed less to the team.

At the same time, the entire team 'descended into conflicts,' Farh said, which also reduced worker contributions.

'Teams characterized by relationship conflict,' Farh said, 'are hostile toward other members, mistreat them, speak to them rudely and experience negative emotions toward them.'

The study was replicated in a controlled laboratory setting in the United States, with nearly 300 people participating.

The findings have implications for companies faced with rehabilitating a team of employees following abusive supervision.

In the past, companies may have simply targeted abused employees with efforts to restore their self-esteem. While that's still important, Farh said, efforts should also be made to fix the team's interpersonal relationships by re-establishing trust and harmony.

（來源：Daily Mail 編輯：丹妮）