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小詞大用、仿擬以及矛盾修辭法

[ 2013-01-28 09:48]

來源：中國日報網

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張明權

譯題一：北京評估單雙號限行或引買車熱

昨天，交通委發布9月份交通擁堵狀況工作報告，9月份交通擁堵指數比去年同期提高10.3%。報告還提出，下一步，本市將啟動2013年保障交通暢通措施的研究。重點研究深入推進彈性工作制和錯時上下班工作方案，評估在特定時段、特定區域實行機動車單雙號限行措施的可行性。這項措施若評估通過，相比目前的尾號限行，特定時段、特定區域將實行更嚴厲的限號措施。

參考譯文:

More auto buy against the rule assessment

The traffic congestion index in September rises by 10.3% year on year in accordance with the monthly traffic report issued by Beijing Municipal Commission of Transport. The report also points to the exploration scheduled 2013 into measures to keep smooth traffic in Beijing. The research highlights further promotion of flexible and staggered working hours and assessment of the feasibility of carrying out the odd-and-even license plate rule during specific periods and/or within specific areas. If these measures being evaluated are adopted, stricter restrictions will be imposed on vehicles herein as compared with the current regulation based on the last number of a license plate.

小詞大用是一種非常實際的翻譯策略，以本譯題中的標題翻譯為例，介詞against的使用可謂得心應手，原本想了很長的一個題目，后來由于用了against這個介詞，一下子就凸現了兩個事件之間的邏輯關系，把實行更嚴格的限行措施與購車增長之間的不期而遇很好地對照起來，很明確地表達出來，一點也不顯得拖泥帶水。小詞的使用還包括因應簡明英語運動，對口語詞匯的使用，本譯題雖涉及交通法規修訂的法律問題，但仍不妨使用一些口語化的小詞，如rise，point to等詞，當然為了平衡語言使用，我在翻譯的時候也使用了一些大詞，比如in accordance to, highlight, imposed等，這樣配合使用才能體現英語詞匯使用的多樣性。下面選取一篇網友的譯文進行點評:

Yesterday, the city's traffic committee published its September Traffic Congestion Report. The congestion index is 10.3% higher compared with the same period of last year. It also said the city will launch the 2013 research of measures for good traffic.The research will focus on promoting flexible work options, work schedules that can help people get around each other's commuting hours, along with the plausibility of an even-odd license plate plan for certain periods of time in a day at certain areas, which,if getting passed by assesment, will be a stricter policy than the existing one.

第一句話中，the city’s traffic committee應明確譯為Beijing Municipal Commission of Transport，這是外宣翻譯所要求的。第二句犯了一個最常見的比較錯誤，compared with the same period of last year中的with后面應加上that of以使比較的對象相同。第三句research后面的介詞of應改為into。第三句很長，其中if getting passed by assessment中的語態有錯誤，可以去掉getting一詞。最后需要指出的是，關于尾號限行的問題漏譯了。

譯題二：黃金周國外搶中國游客

我們感覺在國內的情況是世界原本是有路的，走的人多了也就沒路，在這兒狂堵，但是沒想到還有那么多的中國人去刺激了外需，也就是肥水都流了外人田了。

在法國巴黎的一家小店上都貼著“鵝肝醬”、“朱古力好吃”，都是用中文寫的。還有一個更有意思的是咱們游客制造的對國家非常有用的一種宣傳，意大利威尼斯的一家百貨店門口，為了迎接中國游客，在店外頭赫然寫著幾個大字：“釣魚島是中國的！”事實是如此，但是你想想，他已經用這句話來吸引中國游客了，寧可去得罪日本游客，可見中國游客的這種消費能力和人數是壓倒性的優勢。

參考譯文：

Chinese tourists are wooed overseas in the Golden Week

I didn’t expect to see so many Chinese tourists pouring abroad to boost the foreign economy for free, though China boasts the traffic congestion that drives at the parody (on a quote from Lu Xun, a celebrated Chinese writer in the 20th century) that “For actually the earth had many roads to begin with, but when too many men pass one way, a road is blocked”.

Posters in Chinese characters saying “foie gras” and “delicious chocolate” are seen on the wall of a small shop in Paris. What amuses me most is that a staring slogan in Chinese saying that “Diaoyu Island belongs to China!” is hung outside a department store in Venice, Italy to cater to the patriotism of Chinese tourists. This certainly should be listed as a contribution that Chinese tourists have made to the cause of the international publicity of China. Besides stating the fact, the slogan in defiance of the Japanese concern is written conspicuously to attract the Chinese tourists who enjoy an overwhelming superiority to other tourists in population and potential of consumption.

本譯題中的“世界原本是有路的，走的人多了也就沒路”明顯是對魯迅小說《故鄉》最后的一段文字“世界上本沒有路，走的人多了，便成了路”的仿擬(parody)。仿擬是一種非常獨特的修辭手段，“它有意仿照人們熟知的現成的語言材料，根據表達的需要臨時創造出新的語、句、篇來，以使語言生動活潑，或諷刺嘲弄，或幽默詼諧，妙趣盎然。（百度百科）” 例如：

Modern journalism justifies its own existence by the great Darwinian principle of the survival of the vulgarest. ——Oscar Wilde

現代的新聞工作，以“最庸俗者生存”的偉大的達爾文式的原則來為自己的存在辯護。

王爾德的名言所提到的the survival of the vulgarest就是對達爾文生物進化論原則the survival of the fittest的仿擬。

那么這里對魯迅名言的仿擬改如何翻譯為好呢？魯迅原句是這樣翻譯的：（It is just like roads across the earth.) For actually the earth had no roads to begin with, but when many men pass one way, a road is made. 那么我們仿一下大概可以說：For actually the earth had many roads to begin with, but when too many men pass one way, a road is blocked. 但問題是英語讀者不可能知道這句話是對魯迅文字的仿擬，所以必須在譯文中加入適當的解釋。

再者這段文字整體上采取了幽默的口吻來敘述作者在海外的所見所聞，所以在翻譯時應注意使用此類措辭，請注意參考譯文中boost, boast, contribution等詞所包含的隱含意義。下面選取一段網友的譯文點評：

There is one of the groceries in Pairs, France showing placards in Chinese version, such as “鵝肝醬”(goose liver paste)、“朱古力好吃”(delicious chocolates). And interestingly, as the surging of Chinese visitors, the policy of territorial integrity in China is getting far-reaching around the world. For catching the eyes of Chinese tourists, a bold headline of “釣魚島是中國的!”(Diaoyu Island belongs to China) is showed strikingly outside one of the department stores of Venice, Italy. In fact, the foreign department of such kinds, ignoring of the feeling of Japanese travelers, tended to increase their earnings in similar ways. Therefore, it was demonstrated that the Chinese travelers are comparatively overwhelming in their purchasing and proportion.

第一句中，one of the groceries應該改為a grocery, 因為這里并沒有限定一個范圍；in Chinese version不夠具體，應為Chinese characters。第二句as the surging of Chinese visitors中的as明顯應改為with。第三句中for catching the eyes應改為to catch the eyes，headline是新聞標題的意思，掛在店外面的應該是橫幅(banner)或口號(slogan); one of the department stores犯了和第一句一樣的錯誤。第四句用department代替department store是錯誤的，如果有store倒是可以的，因為后者是上一詞，以屬差代替整詞的情況不是沒有，但一定要遵循語言的使用習慣。最后一句用被動語態，割斷了和上一句的聯系，應改為主動語態，all these phenomena showed that…，以銜接上文的事件。

譯題三：莫言獲獎后遭遇幸福式煩惱

2012年諾貝爾文學獎未頒之前，中國作家莫言已是“麻煩”纏身。因為登上博彩公司賠率榜榜首，莫言時而被傳給諾獎評委好處費，時而被媒體追問對諾獎的看法。一貫低調的莫言，索性回到山東老家“躲清凈”。而獲得諾貝爾文學獎后，莫言更可謂遭遇到了幸福的煩惱。

在接受央視采訪時，莫言被董倩追問“你幸福嗎”，給出的答案是“我不知道”。因為在他看來，“幸福”就是什么都不想，一切都放下，身體健康，精神沒有什么壓力。莫言坦言，“我現在壓力很大，憂慮重重，能幸福么？我要說不幸福，那也太裝了吧。剛得諾貝爾獎，能說不幸福嗎？”

Blissful vexation visits Mo Yan the Nobel Prize winner

Even before winning the Nobel Prize in Literature, Mo Yan, one of the most famous modern writers, had already been ridden by “troubles” of all kinds. Since his name topped the odds list of a lottery firm, rumors spread that he had bribed members of the Nobel Prize Committee, and he had repeatedly been entreated by reporters to voice his opinion about the Nobel Prize. A person to have kept a low profile, Mo Yan went back to his hometown in Shandong to “shun the spotlight”. After he won the Nobel Prize, he began to suffer from the so-called blissful vexation.

When interviewed by Dong Qian from CCTV to answer the question of “Are you happy?”, Mo Yan gave the simple answer of “I don’t know”. To him, happiness consists in clearing everything out of one’s mind, having nothing to care about, keeping a sound health, and shaking off all spiritual burdens. “When I am heavily burdened by my fame, how can I say I am happy? But as one of this year’s Nobel Prize winners, how dare I pretend to say I am not happy at all?”

這段文字中比較難翻譯的是所謂的矛盾修辭法。矛盾修辭法（Oxymoron）用兩種不相調和，甚至截然相反的詞語來形容一件事物，起到一種強烈的修辭效果，使得所表達的語義更強烈（百度百科）。網友對文中的“幸福式煩惱”給出的譯文包括：happy problems, the "troubles' as well as "happiness" at the same time, the annoying question of "are you happy?", happy troubles, the dilemma between happy and unhappy, happy style of annoy, the problem of happiness, etc. 根據矛盾修辭法的一般組合方式，最好采用形容詞修飾名詞的方式來翻譯，比如happy worry，但如果從翻譯學的角度，采用解釋性也無不可。下面選取一段文字做具體點評：

Mo Yan, a Chinese writer,was overwhelmed by troubles before the 2012 Nobel Literature Prize was conferred on him.Topping the list of the lotter firm in terms of the losing rate, Mo Yan was once rumoured to offer bribe to the Nobel panel of judges and later was inquired by the press of his opinion of the Nobel Prize. As one who keeps a low profile consistently, he went back to his hometown in Shangdong decidedly for a solitude. Having received the Nobel Prize ,he even fell into the grip of the happy troubles.

第一句中的時態有點問題，既然是在什么之前，就應該用過去完成時。第二句中losing rate不是賠率的意思，賠率是odds；offer的時態應該為完成時，否則無法表示莫言被懷疑賄賂發生的時間，inquire的句型使用錯誤，因為這個詞所涉及的句型是inquire sth of sb.。第三句中decidedly for a solitude不符合文中“躲清靜”的原意，因為這里強調的主要是免受打擾，而非獲取清靜本身。

本文僅代表作者本人觀點，與本網立場無關。歡迎大家討論學術問題，尊重他人，禁止人身攻擊和發布一切違反國家現行法律法規的內容。

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專家簡介：

張明權，安徽省固鎮縣人，江蘇大學外國語學院副教授，英語語言文學碩士，上外博士課程班進修。主要從事英語語言學和翻譯學研究，在國內外學術期刊發表論文10余篇，出版譯著兩部，發表其他文章20余篇，有大量翻譯實踐經驗，翻譯總字數接近200萬。Email: mqzhang@ujs.edu.cn。

（作者：張明權中國日報網英語點津編輯：Julie）

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